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List of abstracts
CONAT20100003
Holistic Approach in Automotive and Mechanical Design requires structured but flexible Workflow Management
Willi Gruender
TEDATA GmbH
ABSTRACT:
Mechanical and automotive design is increasingly influenced by non technical issues. Legal, environmental and safety requirements, but also social and individual needs play a growing role in the engineering design activity. Though the design engineer still has to emphasize on his central task, he is deeply affected by this multidisciplinary approach. He has not only to follow a rising number of set parameters in a variety of disciplines, he also has to process and generate a lot more information and documentation. However, the technical aspects of design must not suffer. This presentation indicates how mechanical design projects could be streamlined by business process management. A system is introduced, which defines and networks working steps of knowledge generating, linking them to information resources, design tools, simulation techniques and review procedures. According to the needs of a project this leads to dedicated computer aided workflows, embedding the working environment of a mechanical design engineer and his activities into guided flow. This relieves him from routine, assists him with infrequent jobs and guaranties the space for creativity.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20100005
Future Trends In Exhaust Emissions And Fuel Economy Legislation
Leslie Hill
Horiba GmbH
ABSTRACT:
The Automotive Industry has demonstrated more than forty years of continued success in the reduction of vehicle emissions of toxic, photo-reactive and particulate material. This is in addition to their other achievements of making vehicles more fuel efficient, reliable, attractive, pleasurable to drive and safer, whilst remaining affordable. However, new challenges will be presented for the next decade, driven by legislation and consumer demands.
The presentation will review the future trends and directions in legislation to reduce the emissions, fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions and look at some of the resulting implications on the instrumentation and testing systems required for the measurement.
The review will include recent developments in European and USA regulation as well as looking at the trend of Global Test Regulations (GTR) for several types of vehicle.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20100007
"Post-Doctoral grants for sustainable development" - a Romanian project financed by the EU Sectoral Operational Programme Human Resources Development
Gheorghe Scutaru
Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
post-doctoral grants, EU projects
ABSTRACT:
The paper presents and explains the guidelines of the EU Sectoral Operational Programme Human Resources Development (SOP HRD). The objectives, the activities and the expected results of the SOP HRD project "Post-Doctoral grants for sustainable development" developed by Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania, are presented. Some research collaborations possibilities are mentioned as well.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20100008
EDUCATION AND RESEARCH FOR SUSTAINABLE PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT IN TRANSILVANIA UNIVERSITY OF BRASOV
Ion Visa
Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
Integrated education and research, High-tech products, Sustainable Energy
ABSTRACT:
For complying with the society requirements and for facing the competition in the Academic Area, universities has to go through a complex restructuring process thus being able to provide and develop relevant knowledge for the present and future sustainable economic growth. The paper presents the strategy, the main actions and part of the significant results obtained in the Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania, during the past seven years in a coherent effort for the permanent increase of quality in education and research. Integrating these, focusing on Sustainable Energy and High-tech products development represents the path adopted and valorized.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20100009
New Generation Engines for Automobiles
Eric Riou
AVL Group
ABSTRACT:
The long term goal of sustainable mobility is certainly the complete replacement of fossil fuels by renewable energy;
Despite the strong development of battery technology, the limitations in terms of energy density and cost does not yet allow the electric vehicle substantial autonomy.
The paper presents an AVL approach: use a Range extender to extend the operational range beyond that obtainable in the pure electric mode.
This Range extender is an autonomous auxiliary power unit added to pure electric drive vehicles.
An essential criterion is the implementation of this functionality into the electric vehicle without noticeable comfort losses.
Range Extender-specific requirement are:
- Lowest NVH, compact design and high power/weight ratio
- Dependable system i.e. available after long period of inactivity
- Reduced system life time and load response requirements compared to standard ICEs
- Single load point optimisation for low system cost and good efficiency
- Thermal management to protect heat sensitive e-components
- Low raw emissions to meet most stringent emission legislation targets at affordable cost
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List of abstracts
CONAT20101001
A Study of Parameters influencing the Performance of a Pressure Wave Supercharger (PWS)
Vladimir MARDARESCU, Gheorghe-Alexandru Radu, Marius Hirceaga, Cristian LEAHU
Brasov, Transilvania University; Brasov, Transilvania University; Brasov, Transilvania University; Brasov, Transilvania University
KEYWORDS:
rotor, shock wave, wave speed, boundary conditions, pressure ratio
ABSTRACT:
The main objective of the following paper is to identify and elaborate the parameters that have a significant impact on the operational characteristics of the Pressure Wave Supercharger also known as Comprex. This type of supercharger can transfer some of the energy from the exhaust gases in the form of pressure waves, directly to the fresh air entering the internal combustion engine. The device is in fact a pressure exchanger with a greater adiabatic efficiency than other well known steady-flow machine like compressors or turbochargers. Besides other advantages like fast response on acceleration (no turbo lag) and relative high boost pressure, even when the engine is running at partial loads and low speeds, the PWS has also some shortcomings in matching the speed and load requirements for the entire operational range of the engine. The reason for this problem is an inadequate speed of the supercharger rotor which can lead to a poor distribution of the pressure-wave phenomena that can compromise the performance of the engine due to an inappropriate gas exchange at the inlet phase.
In order to determine the optimal speed of the Comprex, the authors focused on operating parameters like pressure and temperature that have a fundamental influence on the processes taking place inside the PWS. The study was made with the help of a commercially CFD software, which enabled a precise simulation of the high pressure part of the supercharger.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20101002
Design and Modeling of Heat Recovery System in Diesel Particulate Filter
Wladyslaw Mitianiec
Cracow University of Technology
KEYWORDS:
diesel engines, exhaust emission, DPF
ABSTRACT:
Regeneration of particle filters requires additional energy for combustion of soot (additional fuel or electric energy) after some period of the engine work as a result of closing of substrate pores by soot. The innovation method takes into account a self-regeneration of diesel particle filter by use of special heat recovery system. The paper shows one of possible design of DPF self-regeneration. The exhaust temperature behind the turbine and catalytic converter is very low and for an increasing of gas temperature before DPF, the heat from soot combustion can be used. The preliminary studies show a possibility of using the special design of DPF with heat recovery system. The paper presents the simulation results of such system and possibility of increasing the heat recovery ratio by change of geometry of DPF. The gas heat exchange formulas between DPF and the heat exchange model are partly included in the paper. The preliminary results of calculations show the possibility of increase of exhaust gases in front of DPF about 20%, which enables a continuous regeneration of DPF. The method enables to recover some part of energy which is lost in the conventional DPF.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20101003
A New Design of Two-Stroke Engine for Automotive Application
Wladyslaw Mitianiec, Konrad Buczek
Cracow University of Technology; Cracow University of Technology
KEYWORDS:
Transport, Engine development, Two-stroke engine, Boosting
ABSTRACT:
The two-stroke engines are still competitive in work parameters and production costs in comparison to four-stroke engines particularly in transport means. The main disadventages such big fuel consumption and big emission of hydrocarbons and carbone monoxide can be reduced by new proposal of design of two stroke engine based on four stroke engines. The paper describes the work of high speed charged spark ignition overhead poppet valve two-stroke engine, which enables to achieve higher total efficiency and exhaust gas emission compareable to four-stroke engines. The work of such engines is possible by proper choice of valve timings, geometrical parameters of inlet and outlet ducts and charge pressure. The outflow of exhaust gases is partly forced by inlet pressure of air. The engine has to be equipped with direct fuel injection system enabling lower emission of pollutants. The work is based on theoretical considerations and engine parameters are determined on the simulation process by use GT-Power program for diferent engine configuartions. The initial results included in the paper show influence of valve timing on engine work parameters and predicted exhaust gas emission. The simulation results show that the nitrogen oxides are considerably reduced in comparison to four-stroke engines because of higher internal exhaust gas recirculation. The innovation of this proposal is applying of variable valve timing with turbocharging in the two-stroke engine and obtaining a significant downsizing effect. The conclusions shows the possibilities of applying two-stroke poppet valve engine as a power unit for transportation means with higher total efficiency than traditional engines with possible change of engine work in two modes: two- and four stroke cycles.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20101004
DESIGNING AND MANUFACTURING A TEST BENCH FOR TESTING ENGINE VARIABLE VALVE TIMING SYSTEM ELECTROVALVES
Anghel Chiru, Silviu-Florian Sararu, Eduard Golovatai-Schmidt
Transilvania University of Brasov; National Institute of Forensic Expertise Bucharest; Schaeffler KG Germany
KEYWORDS:
Test Bench, Electrovalves, Variable Valve Timing, Contamination Behaviour, Vario Cam Plus
ABSTRACT:
The article refers to designing and manufacturing of a test bench used for studying contaminantion behaviour of some components of the vehicle engine variable valve timing system.
Particulary, the test bench was created in order to be used for research electrohydraulic valves sensitivity. These type of valves are part of the variable valve timing mechanisms, like Vario Cam Plus. These systems have a large applicability on the internal combustion engines used nowadays, due to their advantages like: fuel consumption reduction, polluant emission decrease, and engine performance improvement.
Ingressing the particles from the contaminated oil of the engine between the component parts of the electrovalve, cause malfunction in operation, extended afterwards on the variable valve timing system itself and on finally on the operation mode of the engine. Consequently, fuel consumption increase, polluant emissions also, and engine performance decrease.
In conclusion, the necessity of designing and manufacturing a test bench in order to reproduce the operating conditions from the engine equipped with these type of variable valve timing systems, came naturally.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20101005
ACTUATING AND DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEMS USED IN CASE OF A TEST BENCH FOR TESTING ENGINE VARIABLE VALVE TIMING SYSTEM ELECTROVALVES
Anghel Chiru, Silviu-Florian Sararu, Eduard Golovatai-Schmidt
Transilvania University of Brasov; National Institute of Forensic Expertise Bucharest; Schaeffler KG Germany
KEYWORDS:
Test Bench, Electrovalves, Variable Valve Timing, Actuating, Data Acquisition
ABSTRACT:
The article presents the actuating and data acquisition systems used in case of a test bench designed and manufactured for studying contaminantion behaviour of some components of the vehicle engine variable valve timing system.
Particulary, a concept integrates all the equipment and software were used for the test bench were in detail presented. This concept system includes different type of sensors, data acquisition board with dedicated software programs, integrated board for actuating electro-valves tested particulary developed, and many other devices.
In conclusion, all these were used from the necessity of studying the contaminants behaviour of the electrovalves of the Vario Cam Plus system, with the eye of a future improvement, because a proper function of these components means optimal behaviour of the vehicle engine, like fuel consumption reduction, polluant emission decrease, and engine performance improvement.
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CONAT20101006
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCHES REGARDING TESTING LIFETIME AND MONITORING THE BEHAVIOUR OF THE VARIABLE VALVE TIMING SYSTEM ELECTROVALVES ON A TEST BENCH
Silviu-Florian Sararu, Anghel Chiru, Eduard Golovatai-Schmidt
National Institute of Forensic Expertise Bucharest; Transilvania University of Brasov; Schaeffler KG Germany
KEYWORDS:
Test Bench, Electrovalves, Variable Valve Timing, Monitoring, Vario Cam Plus
ABSTRACT:
The article presents the determination of the maximum number of electrovalve switchings until malfunction (valve lifetime), using different contamination oil conditions (size and type of particles) in case of a test bench used for studying contaminantion behaviour of some components of the vehicle engine variable valve timing system. An analysis of the hauling time estimation in case of vehicles equiped with this type of electrohydraulic valves until this device fail due to contamination with particles from the oil was also presented in this paper. It was also created a database with tested electrovalves.
During the paper we present two monitoring types on the test-bench, developed in case of the electrovalves, and a determination of the variation law of the diagnostics parameter which describes behaviour of the electrovalve.
These test-bench researches accomplished, we consider useful for electrohydraulic valves manufacturers, vehicle engines manufacturers in order to improve their products and also for the maintenance service to assure a better quality of the process.
Consequently the researches made opens a "bridge" for future research directions, like different other type of monitoring systems or testing electrovalves using other conditions as could be other particles, materials, sizes, or contamination classes. Another future research direction could be testing other types of electrohydraulic valves using this test bench, with minimum costs (only with valve tested block switching). The developping of some monitoring on-board diagnostics systems procedure for the valves, could also in future be developped starting from this point of researches.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20101008
METHOD TO DETERMINE THE SUPERCAPACITOR FEATURES IN ENGINE STARTING APPLICATION OF GROUND MOVING VEHICLES
Adrian Novac, Gheorghe LUNCA, Mariana LIHTETCHI
INAR SA
KEYWORDS:
Supercapacitor battery, engine starting method
ABSTRACT:
The paper presents an original method to determine the appropriate features of a supercapacitor battery for I.C engine starting application. The method is developed by INAR- Brasov, as partner in the project "Energy Optimized Electrical Systems for Land Transport using Batteries and Supercapacitors. Transsupercap" in partnership with "Transilvania University of Brasov" as project leader. The project is financed from Romanian budget fund (Ministry of Education and Research) in the period 2007-2010.
Actually for I.C. engines starting, of ground moving vehicles, are using ,quasi in all, the electrochemical storage batteries, but there are a constant concern in research and field testings to use as well, the newly developed supercapacitors for this application.
The development of supercapcitor manufacturing technology are conducting to spread theirs application in domain of ground moving vehicles, such as for electrical traction of locomotives tramways, metro, hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), but not at last for engine starting systems. The future trends take count of the improvements in starting cycles of IC engines in using the supercapacitors as complementary energy storage device in assembly with electrochemical storage battery becoming an hybrid energy storage unit, on board of automotive vehicles.
The starting cycle may to begin with the high power density storage device, the main important feature of the supercapacitor batteries, and will be continued with the higher energy density batteries which are the electrochemical storage batteries.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20101009
A STUDY ABOUT FUEL CONSUMPTION AND SLIP VARIATIONS FOR VEHICLES WITH INTEGRAL TRACTION COMPARED TO SINGLE AXLE TRACTION
DAN-SPIRIDON DASCALESCU, Adrian Sachelarie, Radu DROSESCU, Mihai SAVISCHI
Technical University Iasi
; Ministry of Administration and Interior
KEYWORDS:
Fuel consumption, slip coefficient, for-wheel drive
ABSTRACT:
The paper objective is to establish a relationship between the fuel consumption and slip coefficient for off-road vehicles with integral traction as compared to simple traction case. All experimental tests have been performed with a NISSAN TERRANO II provided with integral traction and a GPS V-Box device to measure velocity, acceleration and trajectory of the vehicle. The combustible consumption was measured using the volumetric method. The tests have been accomplished on the dry and wet concrete and dry and wet pavement roads. We drove the vehicle in the both directions of the test roads using both four-wheel drive and also single axle traction. From the experimental data, two mathematically models for the fuel consumption and slip coefficient have been established. The fuel consumption model has been accomplished both for integral traction and simple traction of the vehicle. We have experimentally and theoretically proved that the percentage of the fuel consumption increases for integral traction as compared to single axle traction. The same increasing trend was demonstrated for the slip coefficient in the case of single axle traction as opposed to integral traction.
We found a good correlation between the measured data and theoretical model values for fuel consumption.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20101010
RESEARCH ON THE EXHAUST GASES BACKPRESSURE EFFECT REGARDING THE FILLING AND THE DYNAMIC PERFORMANCES OF THE SPARK IGNITION ENGINES
Andrei Busoi, Florian Ivan, Dumitru CRISTEA
Dacia Groupe Renault; University of Pitesti
KEYWORDS:
backpressure, consumption, pumping chart, dynamic performances
ABSTRACT:
It is well known that a series of equipments, such as the depollution ones (the catalyst case, the EGR system, the particle filter, etc), besides their positive effects, they also lead to the increase of the exhaust gases backpressure. This affects the engine cycle processes in general, and implicitly the top dynamic performances.
The paper presents the theoretical and experimental results about the effect that the exhaust gases backpressure has on the pumping chart and on the top dynamic performances: Pmax and Mmax - regarding a gas engine, with a 1600 cm3 swept volume and four valve cylinder.
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CONAT20101011
MULTIBODY ANALYSIS OF THE FINGER FOLLOWER VALVETRAIN SYSTEM
Gabriel SANDU, Corneliu COFARU, Liviu JELENSCHI, Serban RADU
Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
internal combustion engine, valvetrain, finger follower, transversal vibrations, multi body simulation
ABSTRACT:
This paper presents the study of a multibody virtual model, of a finger follower valve train system. The valve train mechanism has a very important role in the insurance of the economic and ecological performances, reason why it is important to assure its good functioning. The high speeds influence negatively the dynamic behavior of the valvetrain; this is why their thorough examination is required. The paper presents the analysis of a mechanism based on a single valve actuation system. The model used in this study, it is partly flexible . The spring model is designed using PDS (Powertrain Dynamic Simulator) , a Virtual Lab tool. For this model the action of the valve is made indirectly, through the use of a finger follower, which is sustained at one end by a hydraulic lash adjuster. The finger follower is a third class lever.
The first part of this paper, presents the conceptual model, which was designed using CATIA , Part Design module, and the cam's profile, which was used to generate the cam. The second part includes the description of the dynamic model used in analysis, and the comparison of the simulations results. Accelerations were considered as control parameters.
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CONAT20101013
Driver model during straight line motion
Miroslav Demic, Jovanka Lukic
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kragujevac
KEYWORDS:
vehicle, driver model, road, optimal controller
ABSTRACT:
Driving the vehicle on a straight line road can be considered as a special case analysis of a Driver Vehicle Environment dynamical system, because, longitudinal vehicle motion means that active driver participates in conditions defined by road and vehicle parameters. In contemporary literature, there are some attempts of modeling the mentioned system in the case of straight line drive, but, so far, there is no generally accepted model of a driver. The problem is more complex due to fact that a very complex motor and transmission behavior must be assumed in dynamic conditions. There are some attempts of modeling the driver as optimal controller and the vehicle in the case of straight line driving, with objective to follow given, frequently variable, vehicle speed.
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CONAT20101014
ISSUES REGARDING THE APPLICATION OF HYDRODYNAMIC AND HYBRID BEARINGS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF TURBOCHARGES
Cosmin-Constantin Boricean, Ioan-Calin Rosca
University Transilvania of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
vibration, noise, torques, bearing
ABSTRACT:
Now days most of the internal combustion engines are turbochargerd using different mehods. With in all this methods of charging engines this paper is focused on the issue regarding construction of turbochargers bearings. Turbocharging always raised from the very begining major problems related to noise and vibration traced to the turbocharger. Because European Union rules require a certain level of noise of the assemblies of the vehicle, requirements are imposed to decrease the level up to a threshold to counteract the phenomenon of noise poluttion produced by vehicles. Also at the level of the internal combustion engine and the auxiliary equipements in this case the turbocharger it is imposed a reliability of 160000 miles without maintenance interventions.
Currently the criterion of reliability is established in proportions of 50% which is approximatly 80000 miles of operation without maintenance interventions. Vibration and noise produced by the turbochargers come mainly from the elastic rolling bearings. Current models impose the use of hybrid bearings constructed of ceramic balls and steel runing track. The main problem of these hybrid bearings is the manifestation of vibration phenomena with high amplitude level resulting in some cases with the destruction of the bearing.
Elements considered in this paper work regard a compartive study on hidrodynamic bearings currently used in the construction of turbochargers and the ceramic ball bearings presented as innovations in the construction of turbocharges. The study aims a pertinent analysis of component data and construction elements of the two types of bearings described above. As critical points the paper evaluate issues of: reliability, vibration, noise and friction torques of turbochargers bearings.
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CONAT20101015
ON THE EIGENVALUES AND VECTORS IN ROTORDYNAMICS WITH APPLICATIONS ON TURBOCHARGERS
Cosmin-Constantin Boricean, Ioan-Calin Rosca
University Transilvania of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
rotordynamics, vectors, damping, vibration
ABSTRACT:
Rotordynamics has been a study case area of major interest because many engineering applications have the substrate of elements and phenomena related to rotor dynamics. In the rotor dynamic analysis are used two computting models, one named Jeffcot-Laval rotory type and the other is knowed as the Stodola-Green model type.
This paper work is focused on a presentation of computing elementes and phenomena occurring in rotor dynamics. In the practical applications it has been observed that perfect operation considering safety and reliability criteria of a rotor can be obtained at the critical speeds well damped (the rotor in this considered case) if the vibration levels do not exceed allowable limits. Also the stable operation at critical speeds can be obtained if the rotor is not considered with a pronounced sensitivity to mass imbalance. At the level of automotive turbochargers the stable operation at critical speeds can not be obtained because of the high range of rotational speeds and also because the rotor used in this case of applications has a major sensitivity to any imbalance occurring during operation. Current study highlights some aspects regarding in torques accting on the rotor such as: torques applied to the disc, inertia torques due to angular acceleration and also giroscopic torques.
Phenomena related to movement stability includes also issues such as: type of the bearing that supports the rotor in this case it will be considered an elastic type of bearing with damping. Also it will be analized the effect of various factors like: own weight, elasticity of the bearing and the effects of internal or external damping, effects which are observed on the precession of the rotor.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20101016
Numerical optimization of vehicle design in order to decrease fuel consumption and emission of toxic gases
Zeljko Sakota, Zlatomir Zivanovic, Djordje Diligenski, Zoran Jovanovic
INN Vinca Belgrade
KEYWORDS:
vehicle design, simulation, fuel consumption
ABSTRACT:
Application of numerical methods for calculating consumption and vehicle emission during the simulation of operating cycle of your choice allows vehicles customization towards specific requirements and customer needs. This means that it is possible even in the stage design, and based on anticipated operating conditions, optimize the energy and environmental parameters. In terms of relatively small buses production, designed for operation in city traffic in a wide variety of terrain configuration, it is possible to achieve significant effects. For the realization of this approach is necessary in addition to software for simulation of dynamic characteristics (Cruise AVL) provide techniques necessary for the establishment of operational cycles that are based on the application of GPS technology. For this purpose they developed experimental and numerical methods for data collection and preparation of inputs for the operational cycle of personalized customer vehicles. Based on the recorded operation cycle is performed vehicle modules optimization (engine, transmission ...) in order to decrease fuel consumption and emission of toxic gases.
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CONAT20101017
Kinematics of a Variable Compression Ratio Engine
Paul GRIGORE, Adrian GABOR, Sorin VLASE, Eugenia SECARA
Transilvania University
KEYWORDS:
Variable compression ratio VCR, engine, cylinder block, rotation
ABSTRACT:
Changing the geometry of the crank rod linkage in an internal combustion engine leads to changes in the system kinematics and modifies the stresses which occur in such a system. For this reason, when designing an engine with variable compression ratio, kinematic and then, a dynamic calculation must be done to determine the new strength of different components. The article presents an analyze of the kinematics of system for a variable compression ratio engine with a rotating block. The modification of the engine block position leads to the geometry changing of the crank rod mechanism and in the end, to stress changes in the crank rod system. This modification can damage the engine and therefore requires a precise calculus. The kinematic calculation for any movement of the cylinder block is made with classical methods. If the engine rotates with an angle ? then two sets of data changes in the formulas that describe the system kinematics: first the eccentricity of the rod-crank system and second, the position of the upper and lower dead point. The calculation of the compression ratio for an engine with variable compression ratio, depending on the cylinder block rotation.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20101018
Improving energetical and environmental performance of Diesel engines, by the efficiency supercharge process
Cristian-Ioan Leahu, Gheorghe-Alexandru Radu, Vladimir Mardarescu, Marius Harciaga
Transilvania University
KEYWORDS:
supercharge, Comprex, optimization, economy, pollution
ABSTRACT:
The work objectives are part of current concernes of manufactures of automobile engines, wich aims to simultaneously improve the economy of environmental parameters and improving performance while maintaining the torque and power.
The mechanical work product of a specific internal combustion engine is directly proportional to the mass of fuel burned in the cylinders, so is all the greater as the quantity of fresh charge is higher, which can be achieved by increasing its specific weight in the process supercharge.
This work highlights the advantages and disadvanteges use to supercharge, an aggregate type Comprex pressure waves, versus classical turbocharger.
The main disadvantage is the difficulty of supercharge with Comprex granting of engine operating conditions. To optimize operation of Comprex entire range of engine speed and load, aggregate require auxiliary devices giving effective control over its rotor dynamic phenomena, which can be achieved by Comprex's involvement with a speed independent of engine.
The proposed solution, which takes account of these considerations, is to lead aggregate Comprex, with a variable speed by an electric motor, which provides flexibility and control over an aggregate speed of charge at each engine operating mode.
This paper presents torque versus energy parameters and the ecological economy and the engine C.I. DT 392 L4, Romanian construction, the supercharged turbocharged version offered by the manufacturer and the modified version of an aggregate type supercharger Comprex.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20101019
Integration of hydraulic converter as variable flow pump in the hydraulic hybrid propulsion system
Aron-Adrian Petric, Gheorghe-Alexandru Radu, Bogdan-Comanica Danila, Sebastian Radu, Ionut Soare
Transilvania University
KEYWORDS:
Hydraulic-hybrid propulsion system
ABSTRACT:
The objective of the paper is the implementation of hydraulic converter as pump with variable flow as applied to hydraulic-hybrid propulsion system with application to vehicles.
Currently, the main requirements imposed on the propulsion systems for motor vehicles related emissions that contribute to global warming and other energy use than petroleum because they are limited and growing consumer needs. To resolve issues of limited resources and pollution, have developed a series of technical solutions which means radical changes in propulsion systems.
Hydraulic-hybrid propulsion system has in his building, components made from relatively simple and well-tuned processes of common materials with relatively low cost compared with other components of hybrid vehicles. A disadvantage of the hydraulic-hybrid propulsion systems is bound to efficiency less than mechanical transmissions. For this reason it is investigating ways to increase the hydraulic efficiency for example hydraulic pumps and motors with variable flow, that allow internal combustion engines to operate at constant speed system leading to an operation with low consumption and pollution. Conventional solution pump with variable flow is affected by a variable yield and constructive complexity. Solution considered in the paper is the hydraulic converter.
In this paper, is done a simulation of hydraulic converter which generates the necessary hydraulic energy for hydraulic-hybrid propulsion system and then are compared with variable flow hydraulic pump efficiency to that of hydraulic converter.
The method of analysis used in the simulation achieve hydraulic converter is AMESIM. The analysis in this paper is the hydraulic converter. The work presents the hydraulic converter for various constructive variants and operating modes.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20101020
Identify the flow processes in hydraulic converter as pump with variable flow
Aron-Adrian Petric, Gheorghe-Alexandru Radu, Bogdan-Comanica Danila, Sebastian Radu, Ionut Soare
Transilvania University
KEYWORDS:
Hydraulic-hybrid propulsion system
ABSTRACT:
Hydraulic Converter is an alternative to conventional pumps with variable flow which is affected by variable efficiency and constructive complexity. The objective of the paper is implementation of hydraulic converter, as pump with variable flow applied to hydraulic-hybrid propulsion system adapted for hybrid vehicle.
Hydraulic hybrid propulsion system has in his building, components made from relatively simple and well-tuned processes of common materials with relatively low cost compared with other components of hybrid vehicles. Hydraulic-hybrid vehicle is very efficient in recovering hydraulic energy, storage and conversion to mechanical energy. A disadvantage of the hydraulic hybrid propulsion systems is bound to efficiency less than mechanical transmissions. For this reason it is investigating ways to increase hydraulic efficiency, for example hydraulic pumps and motors with variable flow whose efficiency is high. Functional features of hydraulic systems enable optimized solutions for primary energy sources. One direction is hydraulic converter.
Accessed work is done in a simulation of the operation of a hydraulic converter which generates the necessary of hydraulic energy to hydraulic-hybrid propulsion system and then are compared with variable flow hydraulic pump efficiency to that of hydraulic converter. The method of analysis used in the simulation achieve hydraulic converter is AMESIM. The analysis in this paper is the hydraulic converter. The work presents the flow processes in hydraulic converter for various constructive variants and operating modes.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20101022
POSIBILITIES TO IMPROVED HOMOGENEOUS CHARGE IN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES, USING C.F.D. PROGRAM
Alexandru-Bogdan MUNTEAN, Anghel CHIRU, Ruxandra STANESCU, Cristian SOIMARU
Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
Mixture Formation, C.F.D., HCCI, Port injection, Simulation
ABSTRACT:
This study shows the current trends to achieve homogeneous mixtures in S.I. engines, impediments that arise in their implementation, and solutions to improve the mixture formation.
Performance indicators for a complete combustion process are emissions of CmHn, PM (which must tend to 0), in strict accordance with the auto-ignition-delay period. Also these performances are influenced by type of charge which enters the combustion chamber.
In order to realise an optimization of those processes will be used virtual models based on C.F.D. (Computational Fluid Dynamics) software.
Thus the paper wishes to highlight (in terms of virtual simulation) jet fuel dependence, the degree of turbulence and optimize it.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20101024
Automatic transmission for small displacement motor-scooters
Riccardo Bartolozzi, Francesco Frendo
University of Pisa; University of Pisa
KEYWORDS:
automatic transmission, centrifugal clutch, free-wheel, motor-scooter
ABSTRACT:
This work deals with high efficiency transmissions for two-wheelers and it is carried out in the framework of the italian MUSS project (Mobilita Urbana Sicura e Sostenibile, Safe and Sustainable Urban Mobility) co-funded by the Italian Ministry of Research; the project is coordinated and leaded by Piaggio & C. S.p.A..
Environmental issues are currently within the main topics on which vehicle design is focused. In this context, two wheelers have to face many challenges and one of them is to reduce the loss of efficiency in the transmission system.
Motor-scooters are currently quite always equipped with CVT transmission with rubber belt. This kind of transmission can be very cheap to manufacture, it has good comfort performance but has a mechanical efficiency of just 80% - 85% in the best working conditions.
In this work the study of an automatic transmission and its application to a small displacement motor-scooter are presented. In order to keep low manufacturing costs and high comfort typical of the CVT, improving its efficiency at the same time, the studied system is based on a discrete ratio gear box with pure mechanical control. The transmission has fixed gears and centrifugal clutches and free-wheels which mechanically control the gear shift.
In the paper a dynamic model of the transmission and results of typical acceleration manoeuvres are presented. The performance of the system is, by means of simulation results, compared to that of a classical CVT focusing mainly on efficiency and comfort.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20101025
Fluid power energy generator using free piston engine
Ionut-Tudor SOARE , Gh-Alexandru RADU, Horia ABAITANCEI, Adrian PETRIC
Transilvania University of Brasov; Transilvania University of Brasov; Transilvania University of Brasov; Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
Free piston, Hybrid hydraulicl, Internal combustion
ABSTRACT:
As conventional energy resources are diminishing and pollution is growing especially in urban environments, the automotive industry from around the world is researching and developing new systems that reduce fuel consumption and pollutant emissions
Hydraulic hybrid systems are an important part of hybrid technology. Hydraulic hybrid systems have the advantage of high power density and the system of recovering the braking energy is able to work at high frequencies of loading/unloading conditions. The main disadvantage of hydraulic hybrid propulsion systems is due to its lower efficiency towards mechanical transmissions. For this reason investigations are focused to increase hydraulic efficiency, for example pumps and hydraulic motors with distribution controlled electronic, whose efficiency is 95%. Another direction is the primary source of hydraulic energy. Functional features of hydraulic systems allow optimized solutions for primary engine sources. A direction is the free piston engine.
This paper describes simulation results of a free piston engine that generates the hydraulic energy needed by a hybrid hydraulic vehicle propulsion. Results are then compared with the efficiency of conventional energy generated in a classic solution (internal combustion engine ? hydraulic pump).
The method of analysis used in achieving free piston simulation is AMESIM. The system analyzed in this paper is a free piston internal combustion engine. This paper highlights the engine thermodynamic parameters for different operating conditions.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20101026
Free piston hydraulic energy generator using the Stirling engine principle
Ionut-Tudor SOARE, Gh-Alexandru RADU, Horia ABAITANCEI, Sebastian RADU, Adrian PETRIC
Transilvania University of Brasov; Transilvania University of Brasov; Transilvania University of Brasov; Transilvania University of Brasov; Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
Free piston, Stirling, Hybrid hydraulic
ABSTRACT:
Reducing fuel consumption for vehicles is not only necessary to save energy, but also for drastic reduction of polluting emissions, and for changing the transport system to be more economical and less pollutant.
Hydraulic hybrid systems have the advantage of high power density and the system of recovering the braking energy is able to work at high frequencies of loading/unloading conditions. Nowadays it is known that investigations are made to increase hydraulic efficiency, for example pumps and hydraulic motors with distribution controlled electronic, whose efficiency is 95%. Another direction is the primary source of hydraulic energy. A solution is using a free piston Stirling engine.
In comparison with the free piston Stirling engines, classical Stirling engines are complex, with a need for lubrication, seals and bearings that combined reduces the performance and limits the endurance of the engine. The power produced by the classical Stirling engine is hard to be used for hybrid hydraulic propulsion.
This paper describes simulation results of a free piston Stirling engine that generates the hydraulic energy needed by a hybrid hydraulic vehicle propulsion. Results are then compared with the efficiency of conventional energy generated in a classic solution (internal combustion engine - hydraulic pump).
The method of analysis used in achieving free piston Stirling engine simulation is AMESIM. The system analyzed in this paper is a free piston Stirling engine. This paper highlights the thermodynamic parameters of free piston Stirling engine for different operating conditions.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20101027
ANALYSIS OF THE THERMAL COMFORT IN VEHICLES
Radu Musat, Elena Helerea
Transilvania University of Brasov; Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
Thermal Comfort, Environment, Vehicle, Fanger, Air Temperature
ABSTRACT:
Nowadays, more people are dependent on transportation. It is therefore important to assure the optimal thermal comfort of the passengers inside the vehicles. The thermal comfort is the result of the combined effect of six parameters ? air temperature, air humidity, radiant temperature, air velocity, human level activity and clothing insulation.
According to ASHARE 55 the thermal comfort is defined as ?a condition of mind which expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment?. The thermal comfort inside the vehicle is more difficult to control and evaluate than in a building due to the influence of convective, radiative and conductive heat exchange created by external thermal loads and due to the air temperature and air velocity created by HVAC system.
The study of thermal comfort in vehicles was developed from basic thermal comfort research and applied work relating to factories and buildings. The first research in vehicles dealt mainly with agricultural vehicles and public transport systems.
The most notable researcher that used the human heat balance equation in thermal comfort analysis was P.O. Fanger. His seminal work, Thermal Comfort, outlines the required conditions for thermal comfort and presents an equation to predict the average population which finds a given environment comfortable.
Fanger has introduced the concept of predicted mean vote (PMV) and predicted percentage dissatisfied (PPD) which became the basis for several standards on thermal comfort, e.g. ISO7730. According to ISO7730, the thermal comfort is given by the PMV index when the six parameters are known.
This paper describes and analysis of the Fanger?s model in the vehicle environment. The main goal is to simulate the overall heating process inside the vehicle. Therefore, the simulation of the Fanger's model has to be done. Integration of the Fanger's model in the vehicle heating flow diagram for overall heating process will optimise the HVAC system.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20101029
Development of a DI Diesel combustion chamber for a 100 mm opposed piston engine
Adrian TUSINEAN
EcoMotors International Inc.
KEYWORDS:
Diesel, DI combustion chamber, opposed piston engine, side injection, mixture formation, spray penetration, optical combustion chamber, injection strategies
ABSTRACT:
One of the most direct ways to reduce the pollutant emissions generated by an internal combustion engine is the reduction of the specific fuel consumption (bsfc) of that engine. Besides reducing the friction and pumping loses, another method of reducing the specific fuel consumption is to increase the cylinder volume and decrease the number of cylinders maintaining the overall displacement of an engine.
Opposed pistons engine provide the advantage of being fully balanced with a reduced number of cylinders. The engine offers the potential of running high rotational speed due to the specific architecture that the stroke per cylinder is divided between the two opposed pistons.
The scope of this work is to develop an efficient DI combustion chamber by performing experimental testing with a 100 mm bore opposed piston opposed Diesel engine. The engine has been tasted in a dynamometer cell under controlled condition by varying the combustion chamber and optimizing injection spray architecture. Additional testing has been performed with a transparent experimental combustion chamber to visualize spray penetration, mixture formation and start of combustion quality for different swirl levels, injection pressures and injection strategies.
Besides the inherent advantages, one challenge of this architecture is the location of the fuel injector. In an opposed piston engine, the combustion chamber is defined by the volume between two moving pistons and cylinder liner and the injector is mounted perpendicular to cylinder axes. This configuration can be referred to as "side injection". Side injection can offer advantages in mixture formation due to greater distance that fuel sprays can travel before reaching the adjacent walls in comparison with a conventional engine combustion chamber where the injector is located in the center of the cylinder. The penetration of the fuel spray is greatly affected by the shape and diameter of the combustion chamber because these parameters direct influence the swirl level at the end of the compression stroke. A very high swirl level is preventing fuel jet to penetrate the high tangential velocity layers of air at the outer diameter of combustion chamber. Since the spray is taken by the swirl, the center of the combustion chamber remains under lean condition resulting in poor air utilization in the combustion process. The number of sprays for each injector is influenced by the holes diameter and injection pressure required so the spray can penetrate toward the center of combustion. Testing has been made with one and two injectors per cylinder and also with different injection strategies. Pilot and post injection shows significant improvement in reducing the auto ignition delay and smoke level and the application of a very early (80-100 CAD BTDC) pre-pilot injection of about 15% from the entire fuel injected per cycle/cylinder shows the potential of a low temperature combustion by improving the bsfc while reducing also the NOx formation.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20101033
AUTOMATIC GEABOX TEST AND DAIGNOSIS ON A TEST-BED
Bogdan-Ovidiu Varga , Nicolae Burnete, Ioan Rus, Dan Moldovanu
Technical University of Cluj-Napoca
KEYWORDS:
automatic gearbox, test, diagnosis, test-bed, CAN
ABSTRACT:
The present paper studies the testing possibilities of an automatic transmission on a test-bed. The necessity of a test-bed that can simulate the actual road loads on an automatic transmission is more than necessary to simulate the automatic gearboxes before being mounted on the vehicle. The test-bed is fully developed in the Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, and several gearboxes were tested in order to fulfill and enhance the transmission apabilities of the test-bed.
The application creates a complex data bus that is transposed using a CANcardXL that becomes the transfer window for the ESItronic diagnosis equipment application KTS 650. KTS 650 with the help of CANcardXL and using the available serial port and the USB port can make the necessary data transfers. A very good documentation of the experiment can be made due to the wide range of parameters that are monitored and the different types of loads that can be applied.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20101034
Advanced engineering research possibilities using the roller brake tester and diagnosis equipments
Cristina-Andreea Marc, Doru Baldean, Nicolae Burnete, Bogdan Varga, Mihai-Aurel Crisan
Technical University of Cluj-Napoca; Technical University of Cluj-Napoca; Technical University of Cluj-Napoca; Technical University of Cluj-Napoca; Technical University of Cluj-Napoca
KEYWORDS:
brake system, roller brake tester, traffic safety, vehicle wheels, diagnosis
ABSTRACT:
The automotive roller brake testers are now very common to see in workshops and service units, for automobile safety testing procedures. Traffic safety on public and private roads depends very much on the technical condition and operation of vehicle brake and steering. That is why these systems are always considered vital for a well traffic operation. The present paper shows the possibility of studying the vehicle brake system behavior and in the same time the analyze of systems operating parameters on the roller brake tester and diagnosis system of Mechanical Engineering Faculty from Technical University of Cluj-Napoca. The roller brake tester allows the user to determine both the braking force of the wheels and the rolling resistance of the tires, while the diagnosis system show the operating parameters of the engine and the auxiliary equipments. Their modern design and friendly user interface makes it possible to be easy used by students and researchers as well in all academic and scientific purposes. It will be interesting to study how the engine performance change with the variation of external parameters as rolling resistance and brake force. These factors influence the engine power, economic and ecologic performances.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20101035
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF AIR VELOCITY PROFILES INSIDE CAR CABIN
Catalin NEACSU, Mariana IVANESCU, Ion TABACU
Auto Chassis International Romania - Groupe Renault; University of Pitesti; University of Pitesti
KEYWORDS:
thermal comfort, numerical simulation, car cabin, computational fluid dynamics, Ansys Fluent
ABSTRACT:
Today, the need to improve the thermal comfort inside the cabin of a passenger vehicle is important not only to passenger comfort but also to their safety. To be able to make a progress in this field, we will need a good understanding of the flow behavior inside the cabin. The numerical simulation is one of the current methods used by the car manufacturers to reduce the costs and time of vehicle development.
In this paper we will evaluate the air flow fields inside a car considering only the dashboard vents opened using three-dimensional computer simulation. The numerical simulation and post-processing of results will be done using one of the most used computational fluid dynamics software, Ansys Fluent.
The results obtained from the simulation will be compared with the velocity results measured experimentally in different points of the car cabin, considering the same conditions used in the simulation. We will be able to make a correlation between the numerical simulation and the experiment.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20101036
REDESIGNING THE COMBUSTION CHAMBER OF A SI ENGINE IN ORDER TO HAVE OPTIMAL COMBUSTION PROCESS USING ALCOHOLS
Levente Kocsis, Nicolae Burnete, Adrian Costea
Technical University of Cluj-Napoca; Technical University of Cluj-Napoca; Technical University of Cluj-Napoca
KEYWORDS:
Biofuels, combustion process, compression ratio, piston, temperature
ABSTRACT:
The main objective of the present paper is to identify a way combustion chamber can be redesigned in order to have optimal combustion process using biofuels. Biofuels that are used in spark ignition engines are methanol and ethanol, respectively their blends with gasoline. Until the biofuel percentage in the blend is below 10%, there is no need to apply major changes on the engine, however, if the biofuel percentage in the blend exceeds 10%, the fuel supply system, the sealing gaskets and the combustion chamber has to be modified in order to have optimal combustion process. Because of the high toxic grade of the methanol, the base biofuel for spark ignition engines today is ethanol, with it?s blends. Having different chemical properties than that of the gasoline, ethanol causes many engine parameters to be changed. The two main parameters that change are temperature and pressure from the inside of the combustion chamber, having a great influence on performance and durability, as well as regarding pollution. In order to optimize these parameters, the compression ratio is modified.
An experimental analyses of a single cylinder engine was made, as well as a thermal analyses of the engine piston working with gasoline and working with ethanol. The simulation was made in a heat transfer specialized software.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20101038
Information Security-the Dark Side of the Smart Car
Eugen-Mihai Negrus, Ron Davidescu
Politehnica University, Bucharest; Amisragas-Solar, Israel
KEYWORDS:
smart car, wireless device, bug, malware, network attack
ABSTRACT:
From an Information technology perspective a smart car connected online to a wireless network is just another mobile device, not different from a 3rd generation cellular phone or a portable computer connected to the net through a wireless modem. As a wireless computerized device it comes with a package of security weaknesses, including (but not limited to) bugs, crashes, malware and network attacks.
Every computer and every software program suffers from crashes and bugs. It is almost a force of nature, there is at least one documented event of a battleship that was paralyzed for days due to a software bug, and it is easy to imagine what it can cause to a computerized vehicle. Malware refers to any software code written with the aim of degrading or subverting the normal operation of a computer system, it is more widely known by its different types, computer virus, software worm, Trojan horse etc. Malware has become a threat to the well being of everyone in the world. It is a weapon used successfully by terrorists and alien governments for espionage and sabotage. Last but not least are wireless network attacks for example, Interception of wireless traffic and Denial of Service.
Wireless connectivity opened up a whole new wonderful world to hackers because of the ease of access. Opening the gate to the transportation infrastructure for such vulnerabilities is a huge risk that should be thoroughly understood and seriously considered. Unfortunately software crashes, computer bugs, malware and network attacks are all a part of the new vocabulary car users, car designers and transportation decision makers have to adopt.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20101039
Hardening the Transportation System information Security
Eugen-Mihai Negrus, Ron Davidescu
Politehnica University, Bucharest; Amisragas-Solar, Israel
KEYWORDS:
information security, intelligent transportation system, patch firewall
ABSTRACT:
The U.S code title 45 defines "information security" as protecting information and information systems from unauthorized access, use, disruption, modification, or destruction in order to provide integrity, confidentiality and availability. Any kind of Intelligent Transportation Systems is based on computers, software & network communications. Nevertheless it has to function in a mix threat environment, therefore in order to achieve information security a multi level protection has to be in place to create security hardening.
Software vulnerabilities were always there and presumably always will. Patches are additional pieces of code developed to address problems ("bugs") in software and to deal with security flaws within a program. The malware life cycle is related to the bug and to the patch life cycle. As malicious code attacks a vulnerability caused by a bug and fixed by a patch. Therefore patch management and software maintenance is an important layer of information security.
Malicious code avoidance is a steady effort as Malware developers invent even more sophisticated schemes. The main tools against malicious code are Firewalls and anti-malware software. These programs utilize signatures scanning to identify malicious code. Firewalls are set up to manage and supervise network communication, based on a predefined set of rules, In order to preserve the security properties for legitimate users.
Car to road will establish a multi-level, scalable cooperative system involving two-way vehicle to vehicle and vehicle to centre communication, which will facilitate significant improvements in the flow of information acquired by moving vehicles, its quality and reliability, thereby enhancing road efficiency and traffic safety (COM2REACT Brochure). All of that is meaningless without the right tools to protect the information security.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20101040
Improvement of work parameters in direct injected two-stroke engine
Wladyslaw Mitianiec, Marian Forma
Cracow University of Technology
KEYWORDS:
Spark ignition engine, exhaust emission
ABSTRACT:
The paper presents the experimental results of the modified industrial gasoline two-stroke engine equipped with direct high pressure fuel injection system. Influence of injection parameters on engine torque, fuel consumption and exhaust emission is shown in the paper. In comparison to standard carburettor engine the reduction of HC emission is 10 times lower and CO emission 3 times lower at higher total efficiency. The experimental work is continuation of the previous simulation studies. The results are very optimistic for applying such system in small automotive applications. The paper includes the rich graphics reperesentation of results. The paper has not been presented anywhere.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20101041
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF HYDRAULIC VALVE ACTUATION ON INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE INLET FLOW PERFORMANCES
Mihaela Coldea, Anghel Chiru
Transilvania University
KEYWORDS:
Hydraulic Circuit, Internal Combustion Engine, Valve Train, Variable Valve Timing
ABSTRACT:
Requirements imposed to valve trains for actual internal combustion engines are related to high inlet surfaces, complete flexible actuation timing, inlet swirl generation for example for homogenous combustion or gaseous fuel. This requirement imposes a high control and response flexibility together with the possibility of free positioning of the valves on the cylinder head surface.
The paper presents a hydraulic actuation system that is considered for its more simple actuation conditions that respond to the complex actuation requirements. The system uses hydraulic energy for both valve strokes, that are controlled using a proportional electronically controlled directional valve of 4/2 type.
In order to identify the effects of hydraulic valve actuation on internal combustion engine performance, a multydomanin simulation model was created that can analyze engine gas dynamic effects together with the flow and mechanical parameters of the hydraulic valve actuation system.
Influences of valve actuation speed, valve lift and valve timing on inlet flow was analyzed. It was found that a radical higher actuation speed that generates a significant increase of the geometrical inlet area has not the same effect on the transient mass flow, due to inertial effects of the air column. As expected, higher valve lifts, generate higher inlet flows, nearly proportional to the geometrical area. The analysis of the hydraulic actuation system has shown that flexible valve actuation curves can be obtained, considering curve shape, actuation moment and hight. The generated actuation signal has as effect a nearly similar valve lift response using the hydraulic system.
As a conclusion it can be mentioned that hydraulic system have a small improve of engine performance due to valve lift hight. The main advantage of the proposed system resides in the complete flexible control strategy and the possibility of free positioning of the valves.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20101043
The influence of the EGR rate on a HCCI engine model calculated with the single zone HCCI method
Radu COSGAREA, Corneliu COFARU, Mihai ALEONTE
Transilvania University of Brasov; Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
homogeneous charge compression ignition, exhaust gas recirculation
ABSTRACT:
Due to the more restrictive standards of pollution and to the necessity to combine the main advantages of the gasoline engines (the homogeneous charge which determinates lower cylinder temperatures during combustion and lower emissions) with the main advantages of the diesel engines (higher compression ratios which determinates higher efficiencies) the homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines were developed. The exhaust gas recirculation is the most common method to control the HCCI engines. This paper presents the influence of the EGR rate on the combustion. With increasing EGR the ignition delay increases and the cold flame and main ignition can't be distinguished any more on the heat release rate.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20101044
The Importance Of Introducing The One-Way Valves Around The Forks Of The Hydraulic Installation Of A Hybrid - Hydraulic Vehicle
Vlad-Constantin Serbanescu , Horia Abaitancei, Gheorghe-Alexandru Radu, Sebastian Radu
Transilvania University of Brasov; Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
Hydraulic, Hybrid-Hydraulic, Vehicle
ABSTRACT:
The sustainability of the environment is one of the biggest problem with which the mankind is confronting today. Cars release 30 percent of the carbon dioxide in the earth atmosphere. This cars account for 76 percent of the carbon monoxide in the earth's atmosphere.
The drastic reduction of the green house gases and the usage of conventional fossil fuels has become an important goal for all government institutions and major car producers. In the same time this pollution reduction must not represent a compromise in terms of comfort and safety of the vehicles. So, the propulsion system development has to answer to some special challenges and requirements. Besides the growing potential of the car park, the advanced propulsion system option has to consider as well the covered kilometers in the developing countries, where the price of the car is the major selling criteria.
This paper aims to highlight the importance of introducing the one-way valves around the forks of the hydraulic installation of a hybrid - hydraulic vehicle. Numerical simulations were made using AMESim software. It was observed that by introducing the one-way valves an increase of the speed with 10% was obtained, without influencing other parmeters.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20101045
The variation of Power obtained by serial and parallel connection of a shock absorber energy recovery system installed on a hybrid hydraulic vehicle
Vlad-Constantin Serbanescu, Horia Abaitancei, Gheorghe-Alexandru Radu, Sebastian Radu
Transilvania University of Brasov; Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
Hydraulic, Hybrid-Hydraulic, Vehicle
ABSTRACT:
The hydraulic hybrid system consists of four main components: the working fluid, reservoir, pump/motor (in parallel connected hybrid system) or in-wheel motors and pumps (in series connected hybrid system), and accumulator. In some systems, a hydraulic transformer is also installed for converting output flow at any pressure with a very low power loss.
For further study the working developed power by the hydraulic installation of the hybrid hydraulic vehicle, two different premises were considered: serial and parallel connection of the recovery cylinders of the shock absorbers energy recovery system. To determine the optimum working parameters, numerical simulations were made using AMESIM software, by virtual modeling the recovery system. The main output working parameters are: the recovered driving speed, pressure in the hydraulic circuit, the flow and the effect on the damping process.
As a general results, it can be observed, that the way how the shock absorbers are connected has a major influence on the performances of the recovery process. In order to get an answer to the problem of recovering shock absorbers connection type, series and parallel connection was analyzed.
The optimum solution from the results of the simulations is considered the parallel connection of the recovery cylinders.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20101046
DOWNSIZING ENGINES: TOP OR FLOP?
Karl-Nikolaus REGAR
Regar Research
KEYWORDS:
Downsizing, turbo-charging, supercharging, fuel efficiency, development costs, manufacturing costs, profitability
ABSTRACT:
Downsizing permits increasing engine power and torque without increasing engine displacement by using supercharging.
The purpose of this paper is clarification of the reasons that lead to contradictory results, and formulating criteria to identify optimal solutions at the downsizing concepts.
The scope of the downsizing concepts is fuel consumption reduction as well as costs and weight reductions.
The theoretical and experimental own researches for different gas engines with super-charge-system will be presented. The studies have been done for BMW, Mercedes, Porsche, Opel and Renault engines.
The results shown that the potential for increasing efficiency, costs and weight reduction for different engines type is relatively high.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20101050
The Sonic Asynchronous Motor for Vehicle Applications
Sebastian Radu, Gheorghe-Alexandru Radu, Horia Abaitancei, Bogdan-Danila Comanica
Transilvania University of Brasov; Transilvania University of Brasov; Transilvania University of Brasov; Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
Sonics, Hydraulics, Propulsion system
ABSTRACT:
Hydraulic hybrid propulsion systems are an acceptable solution for actual requirements imposed to vehicle propulsion systems, due to their flexibility and power density using a conventional technology. But hydraulic hybrids need still to be improved in order to have higher efficiencies. Sonic systems based on waves propagated in liquids are a solution due to their low flow speeds. The direct effects are high efficiencies of energy transfer. A problem of sonic systems is their frequency dependence that has to be correlated with the running conditions. In order to overcome this aspect hydraulic energy generation and effective propulsion process are decoupled. The last one is based on conventional hydraulic propulsion. Hydraulic energy is generated with sonic support and energy efflux to wheels is controlled by the hydraulic. This solution allows optimizing the hydraulic energy generation process. In order to demonstrate these facts, simulation and experimental results were analysed for an ATV vehicle.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20101051
The parallel sonic resonator as transmission optimization solution for sonic propulsion systems
Sebastian Radu, Gheorghe-Alexandru Radu, Horia Abaitancei, Mihaela Coldea, Alexandru Lupa
Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
Transmission, Propulsion systems, Sonics
ABSTRACT:
Sonic propulsion systems are an alternative solution to hydraulic hybrid solutions. Based on energy transfer using waves propagated in liquids, sonic propulsion systems receive the advantages of this way to transfer energy. Low dissipation rates and due to this fact, the possibility to generate dynamical phenomena, that are associated with high energy concentrations. One of these phenomena is resonance generated in the oscillation system, liquid, trapped in a pipe. The paper presents results of integrating a sonic parallel resonance system with the propulsion system of an ATV vehicle. The parallel structure refers to the parallel connection of a sonic capacity (given volume for a given type of liquid) and impedance (oscillating mass) Parameters that influence resonance development are studied using a multidomain simulation model, in order to have an image of the possibilities of controlling resonance in order to adapt frequency to the running conditions of the vehicle. Experimental and simulation results are presented in the paper, in order to have the general image of parallel sonic circuit integration with the vehicle propulsion system. It can be noticed that high power densities can be obtained, and several design parameters are available for resonance control.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20101052
The free piston engine as prime mover for converter based vehicle propulsion systems
Horia Abaitancei, Ioan Pop, Gheorghe-Alexandru Radu, Ioana Pop-Denes, Paul Vidican, Sebastian Radu
Transilvania University of Brasov; Technical University of Cluj-Napoca; Transilvania University of Brasov; Technical University of Cluj-Napoca; Technical University of Cluj-Napoca; Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
Propulsion systems, Hydraulics
ABSTRACT:
The vehicle transmission, as a complex system need to adapt chemical and thermal conversion processes of fuel to mechanical running conditions. Research done by the Romanian Researcher on the mechanical converter has demonstrated that it is a device that can be considered for vehicle propulsion. It is based on transferring energy using oscillations of mechanical coupled systems or hydraulic systems. Energy is provided usually using a rotational device like electrical motor or conventional internal combustion engine. It is necessary in these cases to adapt a device that converts rotational to translational movement in order to generate the necessary oscillations. To overcome these devices, the free piston principle is considered. A multidomani model is build in order to evaluate the possibility of adapting the free piston device to generate the oscillations in both mechanical and hydraulic converter. Results and computation were done for an ATV. It was found that free piston engine allows a much compact technical solution then conventional engines, adapted to the oscillation based principle.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20101053
Sonic propulsion system, an overall view of possible solutions
Horia Abaitancei, Dan Abaitancei, Gheorghe-Alexandru Radu, Sebastian Radu
Transilvania University of Brasov; Transilvania University of Brasov; Transilvania University of Brasov; Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
Propulsion system, Sonics, Hydraulics
ABSTRACT:
Recent research work on alterative propulsion systems has demonstrated that hydraulic energy transfer is an efficient way for energy transfer. Other qualities like power density, continuous speed change, easy brake energy recovery and constant speed for the internal combustion engine sustain further research. The main disadvantage is related to efficiency. Research work done by different fluid power companies have shown that 95% efficiency of hydraulic devices can be obtained. Losses are mainly dependent on flow speed. In this case transferring energy using waves propagated in liquids are considered under the generic name of sonic systems. Wave propagation in liquids is a low dissipation process and dynamical high power density processes are also available. Different structures of sonic propulsion systems are presented in the paper and compared, considering performances, using a multidomain software. The experimental vehicle structure is considered an ATV. It is demonstrated that sonic propulsion systems can be defined as a separate development direction for alternative propulsion system considering the acceptable technological requirements and the performances obtained.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20101054
Modern Thermal Management for Internal Combustion Engines
Eduard Golovatai-Schmidt, Elmar Mause, Markus Popp
Schaeffler Technologies GmbH &Co. KG
KEYWORDS:
Thermal Management, Variable Water Pump, Engine Heating, Engine Cooling
ABSTRACT:
Thermal management is an important factor for reducing CO2 emissions.
The term "thermal management" describes the efficient control of thermal energy flows in vehicle in accordance with the specific requirements and the prevailing operating and load conditions. As a result, vehicle emissions can be reduced, and the thermodynamic and mechanical engine efficiency can be improved. This leads to lower fuel consumption, a longer engine life and improved thermal comfort.
The coolant temperature should ideally be adjusted depending on the operating condition of the engine.
During cold start, the combustion engine should heat up rapidly in order to achieve a significant reduction in engine friction. Rapid heating of the engine oil and the resulting decrease in oil viscosity are the decisive factors. The heat generated by the engine must therefore not be dissipated by the coolant but used for heating the engine oil.
At low and medium loads, high coolant temperatures of approx. 110°C are desirable for further reducing engine friction.
To prevent knocking of the gasoline engine and reduce the enrichment of the mixture, the coolant temperature should preferably be reduced to approx. 80°C at high loads and high speeds.
This article presents the reasons for the use of a modern thermal management system, an analysis of the requirements and an approach for implementing such a system.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20101055
The remote monitoring of joint coordinates for comfort dummy in the passenger car using 3-d video surveying
Inbae Chang, Lee Kyuhwan, Kim Byeongjin
Kangwon National University; Kangwon National University; Kangwon National University
KEYWORDS:
comfort dummy, error budget, remote monitoring, stereo vision, absolute coordinate
ABSTRACT:
In this paper, we propose a remote monitoring system of joint coordinates for comfort dummy in the passenger car. the dummy is designed to serve as a linkage structure for the lumbar joints. we can get rotation measurement information of each joints and calculate each joint's coordinate using homogeneous transformation matrices.
In order to convert the dummy coordinates to the absolute coordinate in a passenger car, three vision cameras are attached on the eye and head locations of the dummy and triangulation algorithm was adopted. This 3-dimensional stereo vision system capture a view when the dummy was seated at the driver's seat and calculate the center location of the steering wheel in the passenger car from the captured image by triangulation algorithm.
This 3-D stereo vision system successfully capture the center position of the steering wheel in a passenger car and the triangulation algorithm successfully convert the local coordinate informations of the dummy posture to absolute coordinate of the passenger car.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20101056
Simulation modeling, assessment and energy management of the innovative concept of series hydraulic hybrid for passenger cars
Mohamed Ibrahim, Hubertus Murrenhoff
Institute of fluid power drives and control (IFAS), RWTH Aachen Univeristy; Hofer AG
KEYWORDS:
Hybrid vehicle, hydraulic hybrid, power management and automotive control
ABSTRACT:
Energy consumption and exhaust emissions of hybrid vehicles strongly depend on their configuration, power ratios of the components and applied control strategy.
Recent developments of new hydrostatic units, which are characterized by high power density, low weight, low noise and high efficiency over a wide range of operation, make hydraulic technology look promising for the application in passenger cars. Moreover the proposed hydraulic hybrid vehicle (HHV) can compete with current electric hybrid vehicles. The prototype models of HHVs that have been built, especially in applications of SUVs and larger vehicles demonstrated their ability to significantly reduce fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. The paper presents a simulation study in the DSHplus environment and a power management strategy of the distinct new series hydraulic hybrid vehicle, known as the Hydrid, along with an explanation of system operation and control that allows energy recuperation in hydro-pneumatic accumulator during vehicle braking and using it back during acceleration. The general architecture of the Hydrid was introduced by the Dutch organization Innas BV, replacing the mechanical transmission with distinct series hydraulic transmission which includes innovative components such as the thee port-plate hydraulic transformer and a fixed displacement pump and motors designed on the new high efficiency floating cup principle. However, more than any other drivetrain, the robustness of the applied power and control strategy is dependent on the driving cycles which may include aggressive or smooth patterns. Therefore, three real-world drive cycles are applied in the simulation model, such as the European NEDC, the American FTP-75 and the Japanese 10-15-mode cycles. Operation performance, system variables behavior, fuel consumption and CO2 emissions will be evaluated for each cycle. The simulation results indicate that the introduced drivetrain exhibits low fuel consumption and CO2 emissions compared to a conventional baseline mid-sized vehicle. The good fuel economy is a result of forcing the engine that is decoupled from the vehicle wheel to run only at medium to high loads as well as shutting the engine off at ideal and braking modes.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20101057
The Cone-Ring-Transmission (KRG) - A perfect automatic transmission for low cost market requirements
Heinz-Dieter Schneider
GIF Gesellschaft fuer Industrieforschung mbH
KEYWORDS:
transmission, continuous-variable, cone-ring
ABSTRACT:
The Cone Ring continuously variable Transmission (KRG) developed by GIF (Gesellschaft fuer Industrieforschung at Alsdorf Germany) offers a variety of different potential applications for low and high torque engines. The main advantages of a KRG drive train are good efficiency resulting in reduced fuel consumption and emissions, fully automatic driving capabilities with excellent driving comfort combined with compact package, low weight and manufacturing costs. These features have already been proven by several KRG concept cars built for internal and customer usage.
The Hybrid-KRG is a promising alternative to all other known Hybrid drives on the market or under development. Based on the results of a concept study the usage of the KRG in combination with an Electric motor as Hybrid-KRG drive train is an ideal option regarding fuel and emission savings and installation costs matched with electric driving capabilities.
In this presentation we will give you an overview about the latest status of development of KRG regarding technology for low and middle torque applications and hybrid drives. Also we will present the new design of KRG for a high torque derivate.
Because of the high variability, low manufacturing costs and excellent efficiency under all driving conditions the KRG is the perfect transmission for low cost market requirements supporting the changing customer demands towards automatic transmissions worldwide.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20101058
A Multi-disciplinary Design Optimisation Approach to Cam-phasing Optimisation
Felician CAMPEAN, XueFei YIN, Alastair WOOD
University of Bradford, UK
KEYWORDS:
VVT Engine, Calibration optimisation, Multi-disciplinary Design Optimisation, Evolutionary Computation
ABSTRACT:
Modern engines use Variable Valve Timing (VVT) camshaft control strategies at part throttle in order to achieve fuel economy and emissions benefits. Variable valve timing involves phase-shifting the camshaft(s) relative to crankshaft as a function of engine operating conditions.
The calibration optimisation problem is complex because it involves a trade-off between ?local? objectives (i.e. at discrete speed-load points in the engine operating space) such as torque and combustion stability, and ?global? objectives (i.e. over a drive cycle) which relate to fuel consumption and emissions. A further complication arises from the combination of drive-ability requirements and reliability of the cam-phasing mechanism, which essentially result in stochastic constraints on the cam phasing variables (intake valve opening and exhaust valve closing, respectively).
The novel approach discussed in this paper consists of formulating the calibration optimisation problem within a two-level Multi-disciplinary Design Optimisation (MDO) framework. MDO frameworks have been developed as a practical approach for dealing with modern engineering systems such as aircraft and automotive vehicles, which are increasingly complex, with high dimensionality and strong coupling interactions.
The paper describes the MDO formulation for the optimal control of a VVT camshaft system, and its implementation through a combination of evolutionary computation (GA) and quadratic programming. The effectiveness of the approach is demonstrated using a case study based on a 1.6 litre port fuel injection gasoline engine equipped with variable camshaft timing. The solutions generated through the application of the MDO framework are superior in terms of both quality of the calibration solution and computation efficiency.
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CONAT20101059
Evaluation of Fitting Techniques for Engine Response Models for Model Based Calibration
Felician CAMPEAN, Karthik ANANTA, XueFei YIN
University of Bradford, UK
KEYWORDS:
Model Based Calibration, Engine Response Features, Radial Basis Functions, Gaussian Kriging
ABSTRACT:
Conventional model based calibration optimisation of engine controls relies on engine models derived from data collected under steady state conditions from engine dynamometer testing experiments. The accuracy and adequacy of the fitted engine response models are very important issues, as the quality of the steady state optimal calibration solutions depends on these models.
During the last 10-15 years the research quest to find better models for engine response features has lead to the development and use of a range of modelling techniques including parametric, semi-parametric and non-parametric models. Such modelling techniques are now readily available in software packages such as Mathworks Model Based Calibration toolbox. While this has undoubtedly contributed to the enhancement of engine response modelling, it has made the calibrator?s job more complicated, since model fitting, selection and validation requires statistical knowledge.
The aim of the research reported in this paper was to evaluate the most common modelling techniques with a view to determine whether there is a type of model that performs consistently better than others, and thus the modelling task can be simplified by resorting to a single / generic model type.
The study focused on modelling response features of a turbo-charged Diesel engine, including fuel flow, engine noise, and emissions (particulate emissions, NOx, CO and HC). The models considered included linear models (cubic polynomials), a range of RBF (Radial Basis Function) models including different kernels and hybrid RBF models, and Stochastic Process Models / Gaussian Kriging. The evaluation was carried out at a range of speed ? load points in the engine operating space, and the engine control variables included air mass flow, main injection timing, pilot injection timing and quantity, boost pressure and EGR rate.
The paper presents an overview of the model fitting and selection criteria, followed by a comparative analysis of the performance of the various model fitting techniques considered over the range of engine responses included in the experiment. The main conclusion from the study is that the Gaussian Kriging models outperform the RBF models.
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CONAT20101060
Process optimization of a high-performance car diesel engine by correlated complex modelling and diagnostics
Cornel Stan, Soeren Taeubert
FTZ- Research and Technology Association at the West Saxon University of Zwickau; FTZ- Research and Technology Association at the West Saxon University of Zwickau
KEYWORDS:
diesel engine modeling, combustion simulation, 1D-CFD, 3D-CFD
ABSTRACT:
The next generation of car diesel engines, with modular functions around a down sizing platform have to achieve a significant lower level of the trade off between pollutant emissions and specific fuel consumption as indicator of CO2 emission. An adequate shaping of the process stages are obtainable by the combined utilization of 1D- and 3D-Codes for the simulation of fresh charge flow and distribution, injection rate and spray characteristics, as well as internal mixture formation and combustion. The permanent comparison with experimental results allow the calibration of the complex 1D/3D model with sufficient accuracy.
The paper presents the most interesting results when applying this methodology to an advanced CI engine in respect to following main parameters: EGR ratio and temperature, geometry of the scavenging ducts, charging air pressure, form of the piston bowl, injector type, injection rate modulation, spray characteristics.
The results will be analyzed and commented in base on pressure history within ducts and combustion chamber, time- and space-related spray development, time- and space-related equivalence ratio within the combustion chamber, heat release, NOX and soot emission at part and full load for different speed values.
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CONAT20101062
Chassis systems - Schaeffler is more than just bearings
Manfred Kraus, Florin Dobre
Schaeffler Technologies GmbH &Co. KG; Schaeffler Romania s.r.l.
KEYWORDS:
Chassis systems, high efficient actuators
ABSTRACT:
The launch of ABS in the 1970s marked the starting point for the introduction of electronic control systems in chassis. In the following years, driving dynamics control systems were used to an increasing extent in passenger cars, with longitudinal, vertical and lateral dynamic driving characteristics can be improved. Further potential resulted from the ever increasing networking of functions. This further development of the on-board power supply is currently setting prerequisites for further driving dynamics systems with electromechanical actuators.
Schaeffler is showing some of these electromechanical actuators with significant reduction of power consumption during CONAT - such as rear axle steering, roll stabilization and some other projects.
All this activities has been started in the 1990s, as Schaeffler began development of mechanical actuators (ball screw drive, small planetary gear and cylindrical gear units and the bearing support for the entire module) for electromechanical brakes.
Mechanical modules for EPS were developed based on these actuators, comprising the ball screw drive including the toothed rack and bearing supports, which have been on the market since 2007 and whose manufacturing quantities continuously increase.
Development of electromechanical systems was started based on the mechanical modules and orientated on the strategic direction of Schaeffler. The focus of development is on new chassis functions, for which there has been no market until now.
The development objectives are to increase the power density and reduce the power consumption and costs of the systems, was well as generate new functions.
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CONAT20101063
3Cam- The contiuously variable shifting valve train
Jens Schaefer, Michael Wensing, Sebastian Zwahr, Cristian Tanasie
Schaeffler Technologies GmbH &Co. KG; Friedrich-Alexander-Universitaet Erlangen-Nuernberg; Schaeffler Technologies GmbH &Co. KG; Schaeffler Romania s.r.l.
KEYWORDS:
variable valve train, lift, phasing, engine
ABSTRACT:
The 3Cam is a compact and highly integrated solution for a fully mechanical valve actuation system. Especially, the option given in this system to design the coupling of the valve lift height and valve lift phasing to the needs of the powertrain leads to a compact cylinder head and relatively simple control and therefore to an attractive cost to benefit ratio supporting engine trends like downsizing and hybridization.
The concept and special features of the contiuously variable shifting valve train (3Cam) are presented in this paper. Additionally, a view on the 3D-cam manufacturing method enabling the production of different sets of valve lift families is given. The adaption of the system to a conventional series production type cylinder head was accomplished virtually with minimum modifications to the base cylinder head. The first evaluation measurements exhibited a highly dynamic open-loop and a precise closed-loop control behavior.
To investigate the benefit in fuel consumption, pumping loss reductions were calculated using the simulation tool GT-Power and data of manufactured 3Cam profiles by applying a calibrated engine model. This paper also compares the pumping loss reductions realized with the 3cam system to that of competing variable switching type systems (CPS and CDA) when applying the same engine model. Predictions of fuel economy benefits over different driving cycles were derived from these calculations.
Further, a drive cycle simulation of a downscaled low resistance vehicle with a highly downsized engine from 1,5l to 660ccm demonstrates base challenges to be overcome and key parameters in realizing very low fuel consumption values.
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CONAT20101064
A SIMULATION OF THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF PASSENGER SEGMENT OF COMMUTER VEHICLES
Ola Kamiyo, Dolapo Awe
University of Lagos; Federal Road Safety Corps, Lagos, Nigeria
KEYWORDS:
Commuter Vehicles, Passenger Segment, Thermal Comfort
ABSTRACT:
Some of the common commuter vehicles in some African countries including Nigeria are designed in such a way that significant amount of heat from the engine section infiltrate into the overcrowded and poorly ventilated passenger segment. A mathematical model is developed to simulate the thermal performance of the passenger segment in relation to occupants' thermal comfort. Two distinct cases are considered for three common passenger buses: (i) when the vehicles are motionless, and (ii) when they move at averagely steady speed. The effects of the number of passengers, total area of window openings, vehicle speed and ambient temperature on the temperature evolution within the segment are investigated. Fourth-order Runge-Kutta algorithm, implemented in MATLAB environment, is employed to solve the first-order differential equation model. Since the vehicles are without air conditioning systems, air change through the openings served as major avenue for heat removal. Results show that the temperature evolution in the segment, in both cases, increases progressively with time before attaining a steady state. The rate of increase is proportional to the rate of heat build-up which is mainly due to the heat from the engine segment and passenger metabolism in relation with the area of openings. The effects of the heat build up on the thermo-regulatory responses of the occupants are discussed.
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CONAT20101066
DEVELOPMENT AND IMPROVEMENTS OF THE DUAL MASS FLYWHEEL
Hanna Peter, Ion-Lucian Buzea, Imre-Tibor Mathe
Schaeffler Romania S.R.L.; Schaeffler Romania S.R.L.; Schaeffler Romania S.R.L.
KEYWORDS:
transmission, damper, dual mass flywheel
ABSTRACT:
A vehicle, due to its basic construction, is a system that vibrates. Due to the irregularity of the engine torque, rotational vibration in the system is inevitable. This leads not only to intrusive noise and reduction in driving comfort, but also decreases the life of the components. To resolve this, in the mid 80's LuK developed a new concept of torsion damping. A new standard was set with the dual mass flywheel (DMF).
The extremely rapid development of vehicle technology in recent decades has produced engines that are more and more powerful and capable of running at extremely low engine speeds. The cyclical burn processes achieved in internal-combustion piston engines and the resultant torsion oscillations have also increased. The noise and vibrations generated, such as gearbox rattle, bodywork resonance and movement vibrations have an adverse effect on the life cycle of the components and also on the driving comfort.
The purpose of a torsion damper, such as dual mass flywheel (DMF), is to prevent as much as possible the rotational vibrations generated by the centrifugal mass of the engine from reaching the rest of the drive train. A torsion damper is a flexible connection by meaning of which the resonance amplitudes can be smoothed and vibration damping can be achieved.
The paper illustrates the development and improvements of dual mass flywheel, explaining the concept and future trends.
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CONAT20101067
UniAir: First variable electro-hydraulic valve control system in mass production
Razvan ANCA, Michael HAAS, Martin RAUCH
Schaeffler Technologies GmbH & Co.KG
KEYWORDS:
VVA, UniAir
ABSTRACT:
Despite the increasing trend towards the hybridization and electrification of automotive power trains the internal combustion engine will continue to play a decisive role in the next few decades. The increasingly strict limits for CO2 emissions and thus fuel consumption define the optimization of the internal combustion engine as the automotive industry?s main task. Along with electrification, hybridization and the development of low cost vehicles, the optimization of fuel consumption has become a megatrend. One possible method of meeting ambitious fuel consumption and emissions targets is the use of variable valve trains.
The Schaeffler Group has been working on the different types of variable valve trains for a long time. A distinction is made between valve train systems with variable phases and valve trains systems with variable lift. Variable camshaft phasing units that adjust the phases can influence exhaust gas recirculation and the effective compression ratio. Systems with variable lift can have a discrete two- or three-step lift actuation or be fully-variable. This article focuses on fully-variable valve train systems. The Schaeffler Group soon recognized that, cam shaft phasing and the switchable components cannot optimally meet all challenges in terms of flexibility, and secured the license rights to ?UniAir?, potentially today?s most flexible valve train system, as early as in 2001.
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CONAT20101068
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE HEAT PIPES HEAT EXCHANGERS
Gabriela HUMINIC, Angel HUMINIC, Virgil-Barbu UNGUREANU
Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
Heat pipe, nanoparticles, heat transfer rate
ABSTRACT:
This paper presents an experimental investigation regarding the use of solid nanoparticles added to water as a working fluid. Tests were made on a cylindrical heat pipe. The experiment was performed in order to measure the temperature distribution and compare the heat transfer rate of the heat pipe with nanofluid and with DI-water. The two tilt angles of the testing heat pipe are and (vertical). The iron oxide nanoparticles were obtained by the laser pyrolysis technique. The tested concentration level of nanoparticles is 0%, 2% and 5.3%. Results show that the addition of 5.3% (by volume) of iron oxide nanoparticles in water enhancement of the heat pipe performance expressed by of the performance curves (heat transfer rate as a function of the mean temperature difference).
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CONAT20101069
ENTROPY GENERATION ANALYSIS FOR ENERGETICALLY OPTIMIZATION OF COMBUSTION ENGINES RADIATORS
Gabriela HUMINIC, Victor BENCHE, Angel HUMINIC
Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
radiator, entropy generation, optimization, efficiency
ABSTRACT:
This paper describes numerical methodologies of the entropy generation analysis in combustion engines radiators concerning their energetically optimisation. Entropy generation is the parameter to quantify the extent of irreversibility and it can be calculated as difference between the entropy change of system and the net entropy transport into the system. According to the second law of thermodynamics, entropy generation is always a positive quantity. It is also, a unique quantity to measure the extent of irreversibility of thermodynamic processes. In this sense, is studied the thermal efficiency of the combustion engines radiators using the entropy generation analysis. The study is illustrated by means of a numerical exemplification.
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CONAT20101070
AUTOMOTIVE WING WITH COANDA EFFECT
Angel HUMINIC, Gabriela HUMINIC
Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
automotive, aerodynamics, aileron, Coanda effect, CFD
ABSTRACT:
Also known as boundary layer attachment, Coandã effect represent the tendency of a stream of fluid to stay attached to a convex surface, rather than follow a straight line in its original direction. The principle was named after Romanian discoverer Henri Coandã, who observed it for the first time during experiments with his Coandã-1910 aircraft, which is the first aircraft to use a motorjet, an early type of jet engine. Coandã was the first which understand the practical importance of the phenomenon for aircraft development and in 1934 he obtained a patent in France for a "Method and apparatus for deviation of a fluid into another fluid". Other significant patents are "Lenticular Aerodyne", "Device used for improving of the internal combustion engine efficiency", "Airbrake with recoil for fire guns", a.o. During its entire scientific work, Henry Coandã obtained 215 patents for devices assisted by Coandã effect.
Until recently, studies of fluids in motion were performed in laboratory, but with the rapid growth in processing power of the computers, software applications now bring numerical analysis and solutions of flow problems to the desktop. In addition, the use of common interfaces and workflow processes make fluid dynamics accessible to designers as well as analysts. In this context, adequately validated computational codes can contribute greatly to a better understanding of fluid dynamics. The main reason for using numerical methods in fluid dynamics is that they can generate information before a physical model even exists. In addition, CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) analyses are not necessarily burdened with the limitation of size and geometry of the test section of the wind tunnels. In this sense, computational space can be made large enough to eliminate blockage effects. Ground effect simulation, concerning relative motion between vehicles and road is also comparatively easy to accommodate. On the other hand, once the equations of mathematical model have been solved, there is much more information available than from a routine experiment.
In this paper, there is studied the aerodynamic behavior of an automotive spoiler (deportante wing) having an active control of the flow around this, using the Coanda effect, which represent a new approaching in the field of the auxiliary devices of the cars, used to generate down force. As in previously papers, the airfoil of the aileron which is studied in the present work is Clark-Y, a particular airfoil that was widely used in earlier aircraft designs, and also much studied in aerodynamics over the years. The profile originated in the 1920s, largely from empirical work. It gives a good overall performance in respect of its lift to drag. Thus, the 3D process of the flow simulation around an Ahmed body, having an automotive spoiler with Coandã effect, is described with the aid of the ANSYS CFX, finite volume CFD code.
For the analyses of ailerons with Coanda effect, a curved slot of 0.7 mm width was considered on the lower side of the wing, placed at 0.4 of airfoil chord, starting from the trailing edge. The effect of the wing on a bluff body was studied, too. The results show that Coanda effect can be used to reduce trailing edge separation, in order to improve the aerodynamic characteristics of the ailerons, and latter to increase the aerodynamic behaviour of the vehicle concerning the aerodynamic loads, drag and lift, stability and handling. Results show drag decreasing of 10% and 25% reduction of generated lift on vehicles equipped with wings assisted by Coandã effect, which combines the advantages of fixed ailerons, without mechanical part in motion, and adjustable ones.
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CONAT20101071
Creativity - a Chalenge for Automotive Engineering student's Department of "Ovidius" University CONSTANTA
Laurentiu Manea, Adriana-Teodora MANEA Manea
Ovidius University
ABSTRACT:
Being professors in the Automotive Section within "Ovidius" University of Constanta- Romania we challenge to promote creativity during each lecture we give to our students. Linking technical education, research and economic environment's needs, with the bold ideas that come in "teacher-student debate" (by giving up the traditional academic discourse), we present in the paper our creative environment team's results as an essential step both for the thorough assimilation of professional knowledge and also for general engineering . Our desire is related to the strength and determination of the next student generations in following the examples of their colleagues and in taking their example... NEMO prototype (an amphibious car that crossed Constanta Lake, TRIO urban prototype (a city vehicle that materialized the work of over three hundred students), MIXTRA (a road-ship complex developed to take part in the fight against natural disasters) .... Sym virtual car driving simulator, HY (a two prototypes of hybrid cars, TrenD railway car- the current generation working project, and so on. These are just some of the examples presented in the paper and beyond them a didactical work, carefully conducted to the benefit of our future automotive engineers).
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List of abstracts
CONAT20101072
Ways of improving the performances of the particle filters (FAP) used in depolluting the quick Diesel engines
Florian IVAN, Daniel LITA
University of Pitesti; Dacia Cars
KEYWORDS:
Diesel, EURO 5, mechanic particles, particle filters
ABSTRACT:
The paper analyses in detail the way of improving the performances of the particle filters (FAP) used as systems of depolluting the quick Diesel engines meant for light drive. One had in view the ability of cars to adapt to the EURO 5 depollution norms. In conclusion, there are three ways of improving them, namely: the accurate check of the regeneration temperature, the increasing of the stockage by choosing the right material for the ceramic monolith and the replacing of the regeneration solution using a separate injector with it, employing the late injection.
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CONAT20101073
MODELLING THE CAR WHEEL GUIDING MECHANISMS USING THE MULTIBODY SYSTEM METHOD
Ion Visa, Mihai Comsit
Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
car wheel guiding mechanisms, spatial mechanisms, multybody systems method
ABSTRACT:
Modern cars represent complex high-tech products and integrated design represents the path to support the progress in this field and to insure the sustainability of the final product.
Virtual prototyping is the tool that is used in the final design steps, for simulation and optimization and this imposes the unitary modelling of the subsystems and the use of performant commercial software. Therefore, unitary methods for mechanisms design are required, able to be implemented in larger virtual prototyping platforms. Such a method is the Multybody System Method (MBS).
The car wheel guiding mechanisms represent an essential part of the car functionality and a key component ensuring car safety. Therefore, these mechanisms were continuously developed and novel solutions are studied and implemented. The guiding mechanisms of the car wheels are usually spatial mechanisms, with different complexity and configurations and can be modelled by using MBS.
The paper presents an original approach of the 3D car wheel guiding linkage mechanisms in terms of conception and analysis, considering the possible joints, the mobility and complexity of the mechanisms and also the specific conditions imposed to this type of application. The method allows obtaining a large number of mechanisms, part of them already used in car design and part of them representing new, possible solutions.
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CONAT20101075
ANALYSIS OF SOME OPERATING PARAMETERS OF S.I.E. FROM SEAT LEON IN DIFFERENT ROAD CONDITIONS USING A NEW TESTING TECHNOLOGY
Mihai-Aurel Crisan, Doru Baldean, Cristina-Andreea Marc
RAR; Technical University of Cluj-Napoca
KEYWORDS:
biofuel, biodiesel, injection system, chemical pollution, green energy
ABSTRACT:
Spark ignition engines (S.I.E.) are using gasoline, ethanol or some blends as fuels for propulsion, and they are characterized by some parameters for each operating regime. The latest cars with S.I.E. are electronically controlled by ECU. Beside this element they have sensors and actuators witch gather information and execute some protocols. The sensors gain all the information from the engine and its systems, send it to ECU, and after being processed a command will be issued toward actuators. They act correspondingly till the next command modifying the injection duration and the auxiliary air mass. Analyzing all important parameters in the operation process will allow the user to handle the engine properly in order to achieve the highest performance and the best economy if possible. After optimizing the engine working process for a conventional fuel there may be used also a biofuel to further advance the ecologic performances in operation. First thing first, there is a stringent need for knowledge and control of every parameter that counts. The present paper realizes the study of different parameters of S.I.E. from Seat Leon working with a conventional fuel in various traffic conditions. After the study has been made an optimum working domain could be drawn out.
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CONAT20101076
MAGNETIC FIELD EFFECT ON FUNCTIONAL PARAMETERS OF AN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
Ioan TEBEREAN, Nicolae ROTARU
Technical University of Cluj-Napoca
KEYWORDS:
electromagnetic field, polluting emissions, fuel economy
ABSTRACT:
In this paper are presented the results obtained after the fuel passed through a device that creates magnetic field. Following the test it was observed an increase of power and torque and a decrease of fuel consumption and polluting emissions.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20101077
STATE OF THE ART IN THE ON-BOARD VEHICLE INDICATIONS FOR IMPROVING THE DRIVING STYLE
Catalin Zaharia, Adrian Clenci, Ion Tabacu, Alexandru Boroiu
University of Pitesti
KEYWORDS:
simulation, acceleration, deceleration, eco2 drive, fuel consumption, poluant emission
ABSTRACT:
Usually, the driver is forced to accelerate, decelerate, brake and change gears a lot more often in the congested traffic of the rush hours. Such a process has a considerable impact on fuel consumption and on polluting emissions.
Any method that contributes to the reduction of CO2 emissions and which can be commercialised in a sensitive manner, must be applied to save the environment.
Within this context, this article aims a critical review of the state-of-the-art in the on-board vehicle's indications for improving the driving style in order to minimize fuel consumption and pollutant emissions.
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CONAT20101078
REAL TIME SIMULATION OF DRIVETRAIN LAUNCH DEVICES
Marius Bataus, Andrei Maciac, Mircea Oprean, Cristian Andreescu, Nicolae VASILIU
Politehnica University of Bucharest
KEYWORDS:
real time, launch devices, clutch, torque converter, xPC Target
ABSTRACT:
To test and calibrate the control software of the transmission or even the entire ECU the car manufactures and OEM use hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation. For this purpose a model of the hardware able to run in real time is necessary. This model must include the engine, the transmission, the control units for engine and transmissions, the vehicle and the driver. One of the key issues of real time simulations of powertrain is the modeling of launch devices. This paper aims to show an overview of usual launch devices models with emphasis on their compatibility with real time simulation.
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CONAT20101079
CONTROLLING COMBUSTION IN HCCI DIESEL ENGINES
Nicolae Ispas, Mircea Nastasoiu, Mihai Dogariu
Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
HCCI, Diesel Engine, controlling, air-fuel mixing combustion
ABSTRACT:
HCCI is an alternative piston-engine combustion process that can provide efficiencies as high as compression-ignition, direct-injection (CIDI) engines (an advanced version of the commonly known diesel engine) while, unlike CIDI engines, producing ultra-low oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) emissions. HCCI engines operate on the principle of having a dilute, premixed charge that reacts and burns volumetrically throughout the cylinder as it is compressed by the piston. In some regards, HCCI incorporates the best features of both spark ignition (SI) and compression ignition (CI),
In the high speed direct injection Diesel engines the ignition delay is a critical parameter for controlling air-fuel mixing and combustion processes.
In this paper are presented the theoretically and experimentally results of the studies develops in Automotive and Engines Department of University TRANSILVANIA Brasov for design of a new pilot injection system that makes possible the control of Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition in a conventional D. I. Diesel engines, with application in design and manufacture of Diesel engines for truck.
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CONAT20101080
DOES VARIABLE VALVE TIMING SYSTEM INFLUENCE THE INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE'S PERFORMANCES?
Cristian Soimaru, Anghel Chiru, Bogdan Muntean
Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
Variable Valve Timing systems, internal combustion engine, volumetric efficiency, engine load, emissions
ABSTRACT:
In the beginning of the article it will be presented a short introduction about the necessity of designing and developing newer solutions of VVT (Variable Valve Timing) systems in order to satisfy the actual needs which consist in fuel consumption, exhaust gases emissions and internal combustion engine performances. Further, a comparison between the main VVT systems will be presented so that we could make an idea over cost-performance ratio. After the introduction, the influences that VVT system involve on specific parameters of internal combustion engine: load control, load composition control, in-cylinder gas motion control. Therefore the conclusions will be presented.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20101081
DESIGNING AND TESTING OF A GEARBOX CONTROL ELECTRONIC SYSTEM AS PART OF ELECTRONIC MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR DIESEL ENGINES
Ilie Dumitru, Mihnea Cataneanu, Theodor-George Oprica, Victor Otat
University of Craiova
KEYWORDS:
fuel efficiency area, enegine management system, gear selection
ABSTRACT:
In this paper the authors present a way of improving the functioning of Diesel engines using electronic management systems. The design of these systems is based on the design and test of various electronic modules used as electronic sensors on the powertrain. It is obvious that a minimum number of data must be known: engine speed, engine speed, fuel consumption, vehicle speed, gear selection. Based on these data, the appropriate actions to be taken so that the vehicle would run in optimum conditions are indicated, actions like: gear change, engine speed increase or decrease etc. A gearbox can be easily fitted with various type of switches that would indicate the gear in use but in order to use a digital electronic management system, the signal from these switches must be translated into binary code which represents the input for the electronic subsystems that analyses the information and offers "answers" to the driver of the vehicle.The mathematical algorithms, logical diagrams and electronic systems presented in these paper have been tested by means of simulation using softwares as MATLAB - SIMULINK or MULTISIM.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20102002
Alternative fuels for road transport
Roger Sierens, Sebastian Verhelst, Joachim Demuynck, Jonas Galle, Jeroen Vancoillie
Ghent University, Transport Technology research group; Ghent University; Ghent University; Ghent University; Ghent University
KEYWORDS:
engine development, alternative fuels, biofuels, pure vegetable oils
ABSTRACT:
There is no doubt that we have to find alternative fuels, to replace the derivatives from crude oil such as gasoline and diesel. There is also no doubt that the internal combustion engine will be the main propulsion technology for road transport for a long time.
At the same time the alternative fuels should decrease the noxious emissions (NOx, particles) and decrease the net greenhouse gas emissions (CO2). Such alternative fuels can be methyl or ethyl esters (biodiesels), biogases (digester gas, wood gas, gas from biomass gasification, ...), alcohols from biomass (methanol, ethanol, ...), vegetable oils, animal fats, etc. , or even hydrogen.
The authors do not consider natural gas (and also not LPG), as an alternative fuel since millions of cars, trucks, three wheelers are operating in countries as Argentina, India, ... This proves that a gaseous fuel is not excluded for road transport (natural gas).
The authors at the Ghent University Transport Technology research group, have a lot of experience with some of these fuels.
Hydrogen engines are running on the test rigs with a higher power output than a gasoline engine and an efficiency better than a diesel engine.
Tests are done on a 6 cylinder truck engine with biodiesels, pure vegetable oils and animal fats. Experience is gained from medium speed stationary engines running on wood gas, animal fats and the residue of a fatty acid distillation. Recently research is started on methanol.
Without going into detail and without considering all possible alternative fuels, this paper will summarize some of the pro's and contra's. Specifically, the question is posed if biogases and pure vegetable oils can be a fuel for road transport, taking into account their physical and chemical properties, the short term engine performance and the long term engine durability.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20102003
THE DETERMINATION OF SOME FUEL PROPERTIES FOR BIOETHANOL - GASOLINE MIXTURES
Hasan Celikten, Mustafa Acaroglu
Selcuk University, Konya; Selcuk University, Konya
KEYWORDS:
Gasoline-bioethanol blends, alternative fuels
ABSTRACT:
In this study, the mixture of bioethanol which is used in the engines with sparkling system and supposed to be used in them in future with water and its features such as density, low heating value content of the water, carbon, hydrogen, sulphur and hydrocarbons in machine. As mixture fuel E0, E1, E2, E3, E4, E5, E10, E15, E20, E30, E40, E50, E60, E70, E80, E85, E100 which consist bioethanol in % 0-1-2-3-4-5-10-15-20-30-40-50-60-70-80-85-100 volume. According to the results of the experiment the densities of the fuels increased. We have observed that the amounted the water in fuels has increased because of the future of bioethanol's water capturing low heating value has calculated in at the fuel E85. For E0 in fuel E100 the heating value has decreased %35. The highest carbon value calculated in fuel E5 mand this value has decreased when it has come to E100.The amount of sulphur has increased when it has come to E100.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20102004
Effects of methyl esters derived from sunflower oil on lubricity and corrosion of diesel fuels
Diana-Luciana Cursaru, Constantin Tanasescu, Ana-Maria Manta, Dragos Ciuparu
Petroleum-Gas University, Ploiesti
KEYWORDS:
methyl esters, sunflower oil, lubricity, corrosion
ABSTRACT:
Over the last years numerous attempts have been made to minimize the amount of toxical and harmful exhaust gases from diesel powered vehicles. Therefore, the amounts of sulphur and aromatics in diesel fuels have been drastically reduced, usually by fuels hydrodesulphurization. Hydrodesulphurization of diesel fuels is an important process for obtaining clean and environmentally friendly fuels. Previous studies on the effect of sulfur removal by desulphurization have shown a decrease in the lubricity of diesel fuels that can impact the engine and the injection systems working with.
In this study the lubricity of diesel fuel was restored by addition of methyl esters prepared by transesterication of sun flower oil. The transesterification reaction was carried out in the presence of methanol and the properties of the sunflower oil esters, such acid value, density, viscosity, lubricity, and cloud point were determinate according to ASTM standards. The lubricity was measured using the High Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR) method.
We have also investigated the corrosion effect of the methyl esters on different type of materials usually used as sealing spare parts of the car engines.
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CONAT20102005
EFFECTS OF E2, E20, E30 BIOETHANOL-GASOLINE BLENDS ON VEHICLE EMISSIONS AND PERFORMANCE
Hasan Aydogan, Mustafa Acaroglu, A.Engin Ozcelik
Selcuk University, Konya; Selcuk University, Konya; Selcuk University, Konya
KEYWORDS:
Bioethanol-gasoline blends, emission, vehicle performance, emissions
ABSTRACT:
The economic value of biofuels has been increasing in the area of energy and in other areas of use due to the increasing energy crisis. The use of ethanol in engines is more common in countries where agricultural crops are abundantly cultivated. Ethanol is a convenient fuel for spark-ignition engines owing to its characteristics and it can be used in engines singly or by blending with gasoline at certain rates. It has been observed that the use of ethanol in motor vehicles results in decreased exhaust emissions of harmful pollutants. In this study, bioethanol produced from sugar beet was used as a blending component. Gasoline-bioethanol blends containing 2%, 20% and 30% ethanol by volume were used as fuel in a gasoline engine vehicle and 95 octane unleaded gasoline was accepted as the control fuel. As a result of the experiments carried out, it was observed that the use of ethanol resulted in a decrease in CO, CO2, HC and NOx emissions and an increase was observed in the value of O2 emissions in the exhaust. Also increased the percentage of bioethanol in blend depending on the specific fuel consumption has been an increase in the rates of up to 50%.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20102006
STUDY ON PHISICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ALTERNATIVE FUELS
Anghel Chiru, Sorin Sacareanu
Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
alternative fuels, biofuels, physico-chemical properties
ABSTRACT:
This paper presents some aspects regarding the physico-chemical properties of some alternative fuels used for automotive applications. Currently the world's fuel and chemical production is based on petroleum crude oil. The presently known reserves of methane and of coal exceed that of crude oil by factors of about 1.5 and 25, respectively. Fossil fuel resources are non-renewable and are mainly responsible for the increasing human related greenhouse gas emissions and consequently for global climate change. This is an incentive for the research and development of modern, efficient and sustainable technologies to produce alternative fuels. Especially in the transport sector, renewable energy resources and technologies are a feasible solution to maintain reliability, and availability for a longer period. Thus, the European Union (EU) determine in the adoption of a directive to support the utilization of biofuels and other renewable fuels. The directive 2003/30/EC requires the member states to maintain the indicative target for the share of biofuels to all petroleum-derived fuels for transport utility. These targets shall be 5.75 %, calculated on the basis of energy content, by the end of 2010.
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CONAT20102007
ANALYSIS ON WORLD ENERGY RESERVES AND BIOMAS FUEL SOLUTION
Anghel Chiru, Sorin Sacareanu
Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
alternative fuels, biofuels, physico-chemical properties
ABSTRACT:
This paper presents some aspects regarding the potential of biomas for producing alternative fuels in the context of a rising energy demand. Fossil fuels account for 77% of the increase in world primary energy demand in 2007-2030, with oil demand rising from 85 mb/d in 2008 to 88 mb/d in 2015 and 105 mb/d in 2030. Currently the world's fuel and chemical production is based on petroleum crude oil. As the oil barrel price raises, the production of alternative fuels and the exploitation of the biomas reserves are viable.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20102009
RESEARCH REGARDING THE USE OF CALCIUM OXIDE AS HETEROGENEOUS CATALYST FOR BIODIESEL SYNTHESIS
Anca SAUCIUC, Lucia DUMITRESCU, Ileana MANCIULEA
Transilvania University of Brasov; Transilvania University of Brasov; Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
Biodiesel, Transesterification, Heterogeneous catalyst, Calcium oxide, Sunflower oil
ABSTRACT:
Compared with traditional fuels, biodiesel is a good alternative because of its advantages of biodegradability, environment friendliness, excellent lubricity, high cetane number and reduced contribution to the greenhouse effect thanks to the low levels of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulfur compounds and particulate matter emitted during the combustion process. Biodiesel is usually produced by transesterification reaction of vegetable oils with methanol, using homogeneous catalysts such us NaOH, KOH and their alkoxides. However, homogeneous catalysts require a significant amount of water to transfer the dissolved catalysts from biodiesel. Further, this catalysts form saponified products which can lower the yield of methyl esters. Instead, heterogeneous catalysts are environmentally benign, much easier to separate from biodiesel and they can be reused and regenerated, giving a higher activity and selectivity. In this paper, it was studied the transesterification of sunflower oil to biodiesel using solid calcium oxide as heterogeneous catalyst, due to its low cost and high activity. The catalyst was obtained by the calcinations of calcium carbonate and then analyzed by IR method. Also, were investigated the influence of temperature, the molar ratio of methanol to oil and mass ratio of catalyst to oil to achieve a high conversion of oil to biodiesel.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20102010
LPG - ECOLOGICAL FUEL FOR AUTOMOTIVE DIESEL ENGINE
Constantin PANA, Niculae NEGURESCU, Marcel-Ginu POPA, Alexandru CERNAT
UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA BUCHAREST
KEYWORDS:
alternative fuel, combustion, pollutants, diesel-gas
ABSTRACT:
The use of LPG in diesel engines represents an efficient solution to decrease the emissions for the automotive engines in same conditions of the preservation of the high efficiency that characterizes the standard diesel engine. The LPG is an alternative fuel with real future opportunities due to the following aspects: the NOx emission level is lower; the PM emission is indistinguishable; CO2 emission decreases or is maintained to the same level; the engine power is the same or can be increased; the automotive autonomy increase; the HC and CO emissions level decreases; LPG protects the particles filter and environment because don't contains sulphur; the infrastructure for LPG distribution already exists.
The paper presents some theoretical and experimental results obtained by authors from a research program developed for an automotive diesel engine with 1500 cm3 displacement fuelled with LPG by diesel-gas method. The fuelling system has two separate circuits: one corresponding to diesel fuel and the second to LPG. The LPG is injected in gaseous phase in the front of the inlet valve and the diesel fuel is injected into combustion chamber assuring the ignition of the air-LPG mixture. The engine keeps up its classic diesel fuelling system which is adjusted for dual fuelling. The electronic control unit for the LPG injection system (EU-LPG) is attached by the engine Electronic Control Unit (ECU) and the engine electronic control is provided by the communication between those two electronic control units.
Are shown the influences of LPG dose on energetically and polluting engine performance.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20102012
Microalgae biodiesel - energy source of the future in the automotive sector
Ruxandra Stanescu, Anghel Chiru, Bogdan Muntean
Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
Microalgae, biodiesel, alternative fuels, renewable energy sources
ABSTRACT:
There is a general consensus that in order to reduce gaseous emissions, climatic changes and global warming effects, while also responding to the ever increasing demand for energy in the recent years, finding alternative energy resources is a pressing mission. In the European Union the transport sector is responsible for almost a quarter (23,8%) of GHG emissions, also for slightly more than a quarter (27,9%) of CO2 emissions and is still 97% fossil fuel dependent. For environmental and economic sustainability, transport fuels need to be renewable and carbon neutral. Based on current knowledge and technology projections, third generation biofuels, particularly those derived from microalgae, are considered to be a technically viable alternative energy source.
This paper focuses on microalgae and how they can be used for biodiesel production. Microalgae are prokaryotic or eukaryotic photosynthetic microorganisms that can grow rapidly and live in harsh conditions due to their unicellular or simple multi-cellular structure. The Algae consumes carbon dioxide and produce oxygen through photosynthesis, they can double their volume in twenty-four hours and can be harvested on a daily basis. Like plants, microalgae use sunlight to produce oils, but they do so more efficiently than crop plants. Oil productivity of many microalgae species greatly exceeds the oil productivity of the best oil producing crops. Therefore, the production and processing of microalgae are discussed in detail, along with possibilities of combining these steps with pollution control. The paper also includes a description of those strains of microalgae which are used for biodiesel production and their main advantages as compared with other equivalent available feedstock. The screening of several microalgae strains found in the Black Sea region has been carried out in order to establish the best one in terms of quality, quantity and price as oil source for biodiesel production.
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CONAT20102013
Liquid biofuel production from biomass: processes and equipments
Ruxandra Stanescu, Anghel Chiru, Bogdan Muntean
Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
biofuels, biomass, alternative energy sources
ABSTRACT:
With the current declining petroleum resources, combined with increased demand for petroleum by emerging economies, and political and environmental concerns about fossil fuels, it is imperative to develop economical and energy efficient processes for the sustainable production of fuels. Plant biomass is the only current sustainable source of organic carbon, and biofuels derived from biomass, are the only current sustainable source of liquid fuels. The biomass resources are the organic matters in which the solar energy is stored in chemical bounds, and it represents the fourth largest primary energy resource in the world after coal and crude oil. The purpose of this article is to discuss current methods and future possibilities for obtaining transportation fuels from biomass.
Biofuels generate significantly less greenhouse gas emissions than do fossil fuels and can even be greenhouse gas neutral if efficient methods for biofuels production are developed. This paper focuses on biomass conversion into fuel by reviewing the production, characteristics and current statuses of first and second generation fuels. The first generation biofuels seems to create some skepticism among scientists. The main disadvantage of first generation biofuels is the food-versus-fuel debate, one of the reasons for rising food prices is due to the increase in the production of these fuels. Therefore, lignocellulosic feedstock can offer the potential to provide novel biofuel. Second generation biofuels produced from plant biomass refers largely to lignocellulosic materials, as this makes up the majority of the cheap and abundant non food materials available from plants. But, for the time being, the production of such biofuels is not cost effective because there are a number of technical barriers that need to be overcome before their potential can be exploited. This paper touches upon well-to-wheel greenhouse gas emissions, well-to-wheel efficiencies, fuel versatility, infrastructure, availability, economics, engine performance and emissions. Various biochemical and thermo chemical processes and their major steps involved during first and second generation biofuels production from biomass have been discussed in detail.
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CONAT20102015
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF A HYBRID PROTO TYPE CAR
DANAIAH PULI, RAVI-KUMAR PULI
K L UNIVERSITY VIJAYAWADA; NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, WARANGAL
KEYWORDS:
hybrid car, fuel cell, solar cell
ABSTRACT:
The sun is an inexhaustible power supply. It brings enough energy usually called solar energy to our planet every day to meet a full year?s worth of energy for everyone on Earth. Solar energy is a kind of unstable energy source which depends both on time and geographical distribution. Thus storage and transportation of solar energy is necessary. An ideal way of doing this is to storage electricity from solar in form of hydrogen which obtained by electrolyzing water. Hydrogen is an energy carrier in a carbon-free, natural cycle. Hydrogen is a fuel which can be transported over long distances and stored so that solar energy can be transported from solar rich area over long distances in pipeline , stored underground or in containers and used in gaseous or liquid form in industry, households, power stations, motor cars and aviation.
Here we developed a hybrid prototype car which works on this principle. This system contains solar photo electric cell, water electrolyzer, hydrogen storage tank and fuel cell power station which supply electricity during night. The result shows that adopting the solar-hydrogen energy system would extend the availability of oil resources, reduce pollution, and establishes a permanent energy system.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20102019
INTELLIGENT CONTROL SYSTEM USED FOR INCREASING THE ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF THE ELECTRIC VEHICLES - REDUCED SCALE MODEL
Ana-Maria PUSCAS, Marius-Catalin CARP, Paul-Nicolae BORZA
Transilvania University of Brasov; Transilvania University of Brasov; Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
control system, hybrid storage devices, electric vehicle, control strategies, energy recovery
ABSTRACT:
The actual constraints related to the air pollution, fuel and energy consumption became essential aspects considered while improving the performances of the classic vehicles and developing the new generation of mild hybrid electric vehicles and electric vehicles. Also, assuring the dynamism of the vehicle became an important goal that need to be assessed by the automotive industry.
Nowadays, one of the main focuses of the automotive researchers is developing innovative power supplies and composed storage devices able to assure the dynamism of the vehicles thus facilitating the transition from the classic internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles to the new generation of mild hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) and electric vehicles (EV). A solution for the actual constraints can be a combined energy and power supply system composed of storage devices characterized by different time constants.
The present paper is focused on describing a physical reduced scale prototype of an electric vehicle and its control strategies able to satisfy better the requirements for increasing the energy efficiency of the implemented and tested system. In this paper the role of the used storage devices and of the control strategies are emphasized. Also, the architecture of the system, the experiments performed and the preliminary results are described.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20102020
Virtual simulation and optimization of an engine mount system
Calin Husar, Daniel Buzea, Daniel Tohoneanu
Transilvania University of Brasov
; LMS Romania
KEYWORDS:
automotive engine mount, FEM simulation
ABSTRACT:
The engine mounts plays an important role in reducing and controlling the vibration and noise in a vehicle. The engine mounts system is designed to reduce the transmission of the engine vibration to the chassis and at the same time it is also used for supporting the static load of the engine weight.
The paper describes the performance of the engine mount caused by the variations in the excitation frequency and amplitude. Solving the derived equations, natural frequencies and forced vibration responses of an engine-mount system can be simulated accurately.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20102021
Improving performances for a lower emission diesel-gas engine
Liviu MIHON, Daniel IORGA, Walter SVOBODA, Ioan HITICAS, Radu HENTIU
Politechnic University, Timisoara; Politechnic University, Timisoara; LU Power, Austria; Politechnic University, Timisoara; Mahle, Timisoara
KEYWORDS:
diesel engine, LPG, CNG, lower emission
ABSTRACT:
The paper presents an original solution for the injection system and engine management of a diesel engine that uses a combined diesel fuel-gas injector with the purpose of decreasing the conventional fuel consumption and CO2 emission. The working conditions are simulated and tested for a truck's engine on a dyno test and also in rolling condition and are measured the exhaust gases values and compared with a conventional diesel engine fueled only by normal diesel fuel. The testing condition follows the Regulation 49 of the E/ECE/324 law. Basically the changes of the engine are made only for the injection system but the calibration of the entire power train is the most important task that such adjustments comply.
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CONAT20102022
THE INFLUENCE OF OXIDATION ADDITIVES TO THE FUEL PROPERTIES IN COTTONSEED OIL MTHYL ESTER
Fatih AYDIN, Ali Ozuluyol, Mustafa Acaroglu
Selcuk University, Konya
KEYWORDS:
Cottonseed oil, biodiesel, additive, TBHQ, fuel characteristics, oxidation
ABSTRACT:
Up to the present time, the majority of the scientific studies that are carried out on the subject of biodiesel are composed of producing of from various types of vegetable oils with different methods and experimentation of this in the internal combustion engines in different forms. Some of the features of biodiesel fuel that is produced in these sorts of studies and the engine performances are compared. However, the oxidation stability of biodiesel fuels is an industrial problem. Some of biodiesel fuels are more stabilized than the others. Poor stability can increase the gums and the residue within the biodiesel and cause fuel filter to be clogged. Comparison of density, viscosity and oxidation stability of the fuel provides us to maintain an opinion about whether above-mentioned biodiesel fuel is oxidized or not.
In this study, cotton seed oil methyl ester (COME) which is obtained from cotton plant that is an important means of living in our country especially in the Southeast Anatolia and Cukurova Regions and also has an outstanding potential oil value was used. During the production, the most widely used method - transesterification method was used.
By measuring the density, viscosity and oxidation values of COME product at particular intervals, influence of additive on the fuel properties that was added to fuel was monitored. In conclusion, it is observed that the oxidation preservative additive (TBHQ ) that was added to COME, is inadequate to get the fuel oxidation stability to the required values so the amount of additive should be increased to raise the oxidation stability or it is suitable to use different types of oxidation preservative additive that was used in this study.
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CONAT20102025
SEQUENTIAL LPG SYSTEMS AND INSTALLATION FAILURES IN GASOLINE VEHICLES
Fatih AYDIN, Mustafa ACAROGLU
Selcuk University Technical Education Faculty
KEYWORDS:
Lpg, sequential system, installation phases, lpg systems, internal combustion engines
ABSTRACT:
Environmental problems which are parallel to pollution, critical increase in global warming and hence increasing petroleum prices, lead us to Liquid Petroleum Gas usage as a strong supportive fuel.
Liquid Petroleum Gas systems are further developed to avoid power losses and make exhaust emissions to be compatible with recent norms according to developments in gasoline engines. These developments can be cited as; First generation basic mixer system, Second generation electronic controlled system, Third generation Liquid Petroleum Gas injection system and Fourth generation sequential Liquid Petroleum Gas systems.
The most important parts which distinct sequential systems from conventional ones are; a control unit similar to ECU, LPG evaporator and regulator, gas injectors, a collector in which injectors are arranged and special cables. Gas electronic control unit calculates the proper amount of gas for each cylinder and send the fuel to the cylinders independently while suction port is open.
In this study, LPG sequential system installation to gasoline internal combustion engine, the impact of failures on engine performance and exhaust emissions that can be formed during installation phase was examined. The most widely encountered situations on system failures because of installation phase can be listed as; the length of transition time from gasoline to LPG, misfiring of engine by working disorderly during the idling, excess in fuel consumption, lacking of performance, increase of exhaust emission values and lighting of engine failure lamp.
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CONAT20102026
The study of fuel mixture ignition in internal combustion engines by unconventional methods
Dinel POPA, Marcel DEJANU, Traian DASCALU, Ion TABACU
University of Pitesti; S.A.I. Muntenia Invest S.A.; I.N.F.L.P.R. Bucharest; University of Pitesti
KEYWORDS:
explosion bomb, laser beam, heat engine, emissions, methane gas
ABSTRACT:
The paper presents preliminary results obtained by igniting the fuel mixture obtained from an explosion bomb which was designed for the comparative study of fuel mixture ignition by classical means and by laser beam in order to reduce emissions. The explosion bomb is provided with four optical glass windows and has an internal volume of 1080 cm3. Two of the opposite windows, with a diameter equal to the enclosure, allow visualizing and filming the burning process. The other two smaller windows allow the laser beam to be transmitted. The explosion bomb is provided with a valve system that allow loading of fuel mixture, vacuum and empty the gases resulted from the burning process. It was designed for a maximum pressure of 147 MPa, being provided with pressure probe and a safety valve. In the end stages of the work are images of burning a stoichiometric methane-technical air mixture at normal temperature.
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CONAT20102028
Investigation Of Diesel Fuel, Rapeseed - 00 Oil And Cotton Oil Methyl Esters Effects On A Turbocharged Diesel Engine Performance
A. Engin OZCELIK, Hasan AYDOGAN, Mahmut UNALDI
Selcuk University, Konya
KEYWORDS:
Cotton biodiesel, Rapeseed Biodiesel, Eurodiesel, Performance Characteristics
ABSTRACT:
In recent years, the demands for energy have grown very quickly due to the rapid development of certain rowing economies, especially in Asia and the Middle East. Vegetable oil methyl ester is produced through the transesterification of vegetable oil and can be used as biodiesel in diesel engines as a renewable, nontoxic, and potentially environmentally friendly fosil fuel alternative in light of growing concerns regarding global warming and increasing oil prices.
In the present study, biodiesel was produced from cotton and rapeseed oils through transesterification. The fuels obtained were used for preparing 2% biodiesel-98% diesel (B2) and 5% biodiesel and 95% diesel (B5) fuel mixtures. Afterwards, these fuel mixtures and 100% Eurodiesel fuel were used in a four-cycle, three-cylinder diesel engine with a pump injector fuel system and the changes in the performance characteristics were examined. The results obtained in the experiments were presented comparatively.
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CONAT20102029
APPLICATION ON AN UPDATED FINITE ELEMENT MODEL OF AN ENGINE IN THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY
Gabriel-Petru Anton, Mihai Paval, Fabien Sorel
Renault Technologie Roumanie
KEYWORDS:
finite element, automotive engine, NVH, modal analysis, correlation, updating
ABSTRACT:
Nowadays, due to the market concurrence in the automotive field and the high customers standards, the acoustic comfort have become the one of the most important engineering require.
This paper deals with the NVH test-calculation correlation, the finite element (FE) model updating of an engine and the vibration level (low and medium frequency range) on the engine/body interface points . The main objective for this approach is to obtain the absolutes values of the vibration level (low and medium frequency range) on the interface points using an updated FE model. Experimental and theoretical analysis used for this work, have allowed us to understand the real vibratory behavior and to obtain a new FE model more closed by reality.
The final updating, the test-calculation correlation results and also the operational simulation and measurements level are presented within this paper.
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CONAT20102030
Study of the automotive fuel and oil pollution influences upon some plants in different conditions
Cristina-Andreea Marc, Doru Baldean
Technical University of Cluj-Napoca; Technical University of Cluj-Napoca
KEYWORDS:
automotive, environment, fuels, lubricants, plants, pollution
ABSTRACT:
Through pollution process the environment is contaminated with substances and materials that negatively affect plants and animals, human health, quality of life or function of natural ecosystems. People began to really understand only in the last decades that the progress of the society has been transformed into an instrument of degradation, with catastrophic effects upon the environment. Because of the many natural tragedies, from the mid-twentieth century, some countries have introduced rules in order to repair the damages. The main target of this paper is an experimental study linked to the chemical pollution of plants with substances used as fuels and lubricants. As the paper will clearly show till its end the substances with the most pollutant effect are the fossil conventional fuels world-wide used nowadays. Gasoline and Diesel fuels are the most toxic for the studied plants. Rapeseed oil and some biodiesel sample induce a negative effect more slowly and their destructive action is less significant in comparison with petrol and diesel fuels. This fact determines a stringent necessity for finding new materials and substances to be used as engine fuels and lubricants. The renewable resources are a tempting alternative, but these ecologic substances and materials induce some problems as well. Analyzing all these aspects is a challenging subject to anyone.
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CONAT20102031
Transport and environment
Vladimir Rievaj, Anton Hudak
Zilinska Univerzita; Zilinska Univerzita
KEYWORDS:
transport, emissions, hybrid engine, fuel consumption, CO2 decrease
ABSTRACT:
The automobile became a inseparable part of modern living style of the society. Using by cars is closely connected to the negative impacts. The important one is an engine emissions production, which influence whole globe.
The emission limits reduction is supported by stiffen up of legislative intents or by using alternative forms of driveline. There is indispensable to consider the theme not only local but as well global point of view to be able take a proper decision.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20102032
Rapid Fuel Properties Estimation through Chemometric Modeling of NIR Spectra
Istvan Barabas, Adrian Todorut, Levente Kocsis, Alin-Dorin Ignat
Technical University of Cluj-Napoca
KEYWORDS:
spectrometry, fuel properties, fuel quality, Calibration Software, biodiesel
ABSTRACT:
Near-infrared (NIR) spectrometry with multivariate calibration has been widely used in the food and chemical industries for the determination of quality parameters. The use of liquid fuels requires methods to assess the quality and suitability of these fuels for their intended use. Traditionally, this is performed through a series of chemical and physical tests. Near-infrared (NIR) spectrometry with multivariate calibration has been widely used in the food and chemical industries for the determination of quality parameters. The main purpose of any tool developed to conduct fuel quality surveillance is to detect off-specification fuels before they can be introduced into the engine.
This paper describes a practical approach to identify and predict the properties of petroleum derived fuels, as well as blended biofuels. A number of fuel properties have been predicted via chemometric regression of spectroscopic data, cetane number, calculated cetane index, flash point, density, viscosity, and biodiesel content. A total of 50 samples of diesel were analyzed, whose biodiesel content was between 0 and 10% v/v. Analysis was performed both by standard methods and by NIR. Partial least-squares (PLS) regression was performed utilizing the NIR spectra against the measured fuel properties. The numerical data, once imported into Zeltex ZX 101 XL Calibration Software, were assembled into matrices in which each row was a spectrum of a different fuel sample. The model significance and error was estimated. The performance of the used PLS models to predict each property from the NIR data are classified as good (R2) 1.00-0.80), marginal (R2) 0.79-0.60), or poor (R2 < 0.59). Those properties that fall into the "good" category are considered to be adequately predicted: density, viscosity, biodiesel content and cetane number.
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CONAT20102033
Trend Analysis of Worldwide Fuel Qualities and Impact on Engine System Development
Joerg NEUGAERTNER, Ioana MOLDOVEANU
A.T.Sued GmbH- Hofer AG; Hofer AG
KEYWORDS:
Trend analysis, worldwide fuel quality, engine impact, engine tests
ABSTRACT:
Hofer Powertrain is a well known partner of the automotive and supplier industry. With many development activities hofer powertrain provides solutions and services for development of systems and system components of the powertrain. Especially, hofer provides concepts and solutions for fuel handling, metering, mixture preparation and combustion control.
Within this script the impact of the massive worldwide increase of variation of fuel qualities and the impact of bio gene contents will be shown as overview. Based on vehicle, customer expectations, the need of CO2 reduction and cost trade off we will give an overview and examples of solutions to handle the fuel quality issue.
For example, currently we see in the European market the fuel can be blended with bio gene (e.g. RME) in a proportion that goes up to 10%, without this fact being shown at the fill up station. Due to this fact the OEMs and suppliers have to test the possible harmful effects of the bio gene fuel content on different percentage and mixtures at the engine components and review, if needed, parts and e.g. the oil change intervals. The efforts and cost that are related have to be reviewed as CO2 abbreviation cost too.
The paper shows, which is the influence of bio gene fuels on the main engine components (fuel pump, injector, fuel tank, piston?) after the engines were run in several types of tests.
This script will give recommendation and attend on the need to standardize and monitor the worldwide fuel quality. This paper will give an all dimensional overview on some examples on solutions to stabilize engine system, components and after treatment this paper will give an all dimensional overview.
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CONAT20102034
Experimental studies of sound absorption coefficient of composite materials used for acoustic treatments of the cabins
Nicusor DRAGAN
Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Engineering Faculty of Braila
KEYWORDS:
modular composite materials, global noise level reduction, sound absorption
ABSTRACT:
Decreasing of sound and vibration global level inside and/or outside the public works equipment's cabin as well as the reduction the noise pollution or the pollution due to the vibration and mechanical shocks on construction site is an actual matter; the EU countries must harmonize theirs national legislations regarding the environment pollution and the labor protection with the EU Directives, from which it may enumerate: 2000/14/EC, 2002/49/EC, 2006/42/EC.
This article presents the problem of experimental testing of some protective composite materials which can simultaneously absorbs the middle and high range frequencies noise and insulates low frequencies noise. At the same time, these materials can damp the vibrations, in order to avoid noise transmission by structure. There are sixteen different types of composite materials tested in the lab with Kundt's Tube Bruel&Kjaer type 4206, the experiment data being acquainted and processed by Bruel&Kjaer PULSE Platform type 7758. The article presents a case study regarding the global level noise reduction and absorption coefficient inside the cabin of the roll vibrating compactor CVA10. The experimental research and the case study were made in the Research Center of Machines, Mechanic and Technological Equipments - MECMET with the help of specialists from Vibration and Acoustic Laboratory of the Research Institute for Construction Equipment and Technology - ICECON S.A. from Bucharest.
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CONAT20102035
Dynamic modelling of the response of the viaduct subjected on traffic actions - modal calculus
Polidor BRATU, Nicusor DRAGAN
RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT AND TECHNOLOGY - ICECON S.A.; Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Engineering Faculty of Braila
KEYWORDS:
modal calculus, structural symmetry, decoupled vibration, eigenvalues, reinforced concrete bridges vibrations
ABSTRACT:
The article proposes an approach of six degrees dynamic model of a rigid-solid with some types of symmetries. These symmetries lead to simplified mathematical models, which are more easily to solve. If the rigid-solid is symmetrical beared by triorthogonal elastic links, the mathematical model becomes still simple and the vibrations are decoupled into four subsystems of movements: side slipping and rolling, forward motion and pitching, lifting motion, gyration. There are two case study of modal analysis: for a viaduct with five arches made from reinforced concrete U beam and for an arch (between two piers of the viaduct) made from four reinforced concrete U beam.
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CONAT20102036
Experimental analyse of the shocks between the tyres of the mobile equipment and the reinforced concrete bridges
Nicusor DRAGAN, Polidor BRATU
Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Engineering Faculty of Braila; RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT AND TECHNOLOGY - ICECON S.A.
KEYWORDS:
tyre-bridge interaction, FFT analysis, eigenvalues, reinforced concrete bridges vibrations
ABSTRACT:
This paper proposes an approach of the experimental study of the dynamics of a reinforced concrete bridge made by a number of twenty U beams and beared by eighty identically neoprene supports (four bearings for each concrete beam). The experiments were made in site on Transylvania highway, on the viaduct situated on km 29+602,75 - km 29+801,25 by the specialists from Vibration and Acoustic Laboratory of the Research Institute for Construction Equipment and Technology - ICECON S.A. Bucharest with the help of of the Research Center of Machines, Mechanic and Technological Equipments - MECMET from Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. The vibrations of the bridge were caused by passing with different speeds of a fourty tons truck over an obstacle mounted on the bridge surface. The experimental data were acquainted on three channels (accelerations on the axis x, y and z) and processed by Bruel&Kjaer PULSE Platform type 7758.
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CONAT20102037
HYDROGEN ASSISTED COMBUSTION IN DIESEL ENGINE
Adrian Birtas, Iulian Voicu, Gheorghe Niculae, Radu Chiriac, Nicolae Apostolescu, Cristian Petcu
University POLITEHNCA of Bucharest
; ROKURA APLICATII INDUSTRIALE SRL
KEYWORDS:
assisted combustion, diesel engine, hydrogen, emissions
ABSTRACT:
Using hydrogen as an additive for combustion enhancing in conventional diesel engines has been investigated in the last decade, with some promising outcomes. In the present work, hydrogen assisted diesel combustion was experimentally investigated on a 3.7 liters, naturally aspirated tractor engine, with a focus on exhaust emissions. Two types of experiments have been performed: firstly by diesel fuel treatment with hydrogen according to a special procedure at controlled pressure and temperature and secondly by adding hydrogen to the intake air.
Experiments were carried out at partial loads (20%, 40% and 60% of maximum output) and various speeds. The results show significant reductions of smoke. Predominantly CO and CO2 decreased, while NOx increased with higher proportions of hydrogen.
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CONAT20102038
Thermodynamic aspects of fuel cell systems
Stanislaw Sieniutycz
Warsaw University of Technology
KEYWORDS:
fuel cell
ABSTRACT:
Power maximization approach is applied for fuel cells treated as flow engines driven by fluxes of chemical reagents and electrochemical mechanism of electric current generation. Analyzed are performance curves of a SOFC system and the effect of typical design and operating parameters on the cell performance. The theory combines a recent formalism worked out for chemical machines with the Faraday's law which determines the intensity of the electric current generation. Steady-state model of a high-temperature SOFC is considered, which refers to constant chemical potentials of incoming hydrogen fuel and oxidant. Lowering of the cell voltage below its reversible value is attributed to polarizations and imperfect conversions of reactions. The power formula summarizes the effect of transport laws, irreversible polarizations and efficiency of power yield. The reversible electrochemical theory is extended to the case with dissipative chemical reactions; this case includes systems with incomplete conversions, characterized by "reduced affinities" and an idle run voltage. The efficiency decrease is linked with thermodynamic and electrochemical irreversibilities expressed in terms of polarizations (activation, concentration and ohmic). Effect of incomplete conversions is modelled in a novel way assuming that substrates can be remained after the reaction and that side reactions may occur. Optimum and feasibility conditions are obtained and discussed for some important input parameters such as the efficiency, power output, and electric current density of the cell. Calculations of the maximum power show that the data differ for power generated and consumed, and depend on parameters of the system, e.g., current intensity, number of mass transfer units, polarizations, electrode surface area, average chemical rate, etc. These data provide bounds for SOFC energy generators, which are more exact and informative than reversible bounds for electrochemical transformation.
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CONAT20102039
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF ON-ROAD TESTS CONDUCTED ON A SI ENGINE TO RUN ON COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS
Rajesh Iyer, S.A. Channiwala, T.R. Seetharam
Ecoengines Pvt. Ltd.; Ecoengines Pvt. Ltd.; Ecoengines Pvt. Ltd.
KEYWORDS:
dedicated natural gas engine, on-road performance test, piston geometry, ignition voltage, stroke to bore ratio
ABSTRACT:
The use of gaseous fuels i.e. Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) and Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) for automotive applications has been under taken in different parts of the world for varying reasons .CNG is considered to be a better alternative for transportation fuel due to its vast reserves and the economy in operation. Retrofitting a gasoline engine by CNG leads to a compromise on performances which is a major area of concern for all manufacturers. Hence developing a dedicated CNG engine technology stands inevitable.
The present work is an attempt to develop a dedicated compressed natural gas engine technology whereby the performance oriented issues have been experimentally investigated upon by conducting an On-Road Test, subsequent modifications in the design have been worked upon on a 4 stroke, 100 cc, single cylinder gasoline engine to run on CNG. The present work is a carry forward of the previous investigations. The significance of ignition voltage as well as stroke to bore ratios is investigated in this paper. The On-Road tests have yielded very good results and it has been found that the performances with CNG have actually improved compared to the base version of gasoline. The acceleration and the mileage issues have been duly investigated upon and it has been found that with the present set-up, CNG delivers better performances compared to gasoline in the same segment.
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CONAT20102040
ABOUTH THE ACOUSTIC ENERGY RECOVERED FROM INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE EXHAUST GASES NOISE
Nicolae Filip, Nicolae Jumate, Ilie-Horia Vasile
Technical University of Cluj-Napoca
KEYWORDS:
acoustic, electric, phonon, energy, exhaust
ABSTRACT:
The acoustic energy is present in all environments. It is common to consider the noise as a pollutant and in this context the researches developed in the last decades were focused in noise reduction strategy and devices. In fact the noise is a part of lost energy due to various transformations occurs for obtain the energy need for motion or for the other specified purposes.
In the paper are presented the research carried out for identify the energetic charge of the exhaust gases from a Diesel engine. In this respect some laboratory tests were carried out for evaluate the possibilities to collect the acoustic energy and to transform it into electric energy. The tests result offer information regarding the energetic charge of the waves and the limits of it for electric conversion.
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CONAT20102041
Comparative Study of Alternative Renewable Energies
Ioana MOLDOVEANU, Ulf POLZIN, Patrick VIKARI, Peter ZIMA, Wolfgang Stephan
Hofer Driveline Germany
KEYWORDS:
Renewable energy, efficiency, potential, feasibility study
ABSTRACT:
Due to the increased air pollution values and due the fear for the conventional energy sources deployment, in the last years more importance has been given to the clean and renewable energy sources.
The paper presents a comparison of the alternative energy sources: solar-wind and biomass energy and their hourly and latitude efficiency (45-50 degrees lat N). The alternatives are theoretical assessed under several aspects, showing for each aspect considered the advantages and the advantages. The research starts from proofing the potential and the feasibility offered by each source, aspects treated also from the renewability point of view.
The study concludes with assumptions and recommendations for the future.
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CONAT20102042
RECYCLING BIOMASS WASTE AS BIOETHANOL
Lucia Dumitrescu, Ileana Manciulea, Anca Sauciuc, Claudia Zaha
Transilvania University of Brasov; Transilvania University of Brasov; Transilvania University of Brasov; Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
bioethanol, recycling, biomass wastes
ABSTRACT:
Biomass can be considered as renewable energy source, and can be converted, into either direct energy or energy-carrier compounds, by direct combustion, anaerobic digestion destructive distillation, gasification, chemical hydrolysis and biochemical hydrolysis.
Biomass such as forest, agricultural and animal residues and industrial and domestic wastes can now be converted by physical-chemical and/or fermentation processes to clean fuel such as bioethanol. Lignocellulosic biomass can be also converted to ethanol by hydrolysis and subsequent fermentation. In hydrolysis, the cellulosic part of the biomass is converted to sugars, and fermentation converts these sugars to ethanol.
The paper presents some contributions regarding the monitoring, by variation some specific biochemical parameters, the anaerobic conversion of biomass wastes in order to obtain biofuel bioethanol.
The indirect advantages using ethanol instead of gasoline are reductions in their contributions to global warming and the addition of anhydrous ethanol to gasoline eliminates the need for tetra-ethyl lead to raise the octane rating. Studies have shown that ethanol-powered engines produce 57% less carbon monoxide, 64% less hydrocarbons and 13% less nitric oxides than gasoline-powered vehicles. The world price of ethanol is still about twice that of oil, and fuel consumption is also up to 20% heavier with alcohol. However, these economic considerations are changing in favour of ?green? petrol production, with future anticipated increasing oil prices and new design concepts for alcohol-based engines.
The research will continue by using biomass residues, such as forest, agricultural and animal residues and industrial and domestic wastes, to be converted by physical-chemical and/or fermentation processes to clean fuels such as bioethanol or biodiesel.
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CONAT20102043
COMBUSTION AND EMISSIONS ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT ALCOHOL BLENDS IN A 2 STROKE OTTO - ENGINE
Mihai Aleonte, Radu COSGAREA, Corneliu COFARU, Kai BECK, Amin VELJI, Ulrich SPICHER
Transilvania University of Brasov; Transilvania University of Brasov; Transilvania University of Brasov; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
KEYWORDS:
ethanol, gasoline, emissions, chemical compounds, processes during burning
ABSTRACT:
Due to future legislation regarding emissions control, the burning process of fuels must be optimized using different methods. The method presented in this paper uses a direct gasoline injection on a carbureted 2 stroke Otto - Engine as fuelling system, and, as fuels, there were used regular gasoline, different blends of alcohols with gasoline and pure alcohol. The emissions which were obtained after using regular gasoline on the carburetor during partial and full load were compared with the ones obtained on the direct injection, in the same working conditions. The same was done with pure alcohol and different alcohol blends.
In this paper are also presented the results after increasing the compression ratio.
1. Introduction
2. Setup
3. Methods of use
4. Burning process (lean, rich, partial/full load) - Comparison of resulted emissions
5. Conclusions
6. References
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CONAT20102045
RESEARCH REGARDING THE POSSIBILITIES TO USE AS FUEL THE WASTE POLYETHYLENE
George-Liviu Popescu, Nicolae Filip
Technical University of Cluj-Napoca
KEYWORDS:
fuel, recycling, pyrolysis, analysis, characterization
ABSTRACT:
Identification of new fuel resulting from recovery and recycling of organic products and waste is a priority in energy for vehicles.
In this context, the paper present the results obtained after the thermal decomposition by the pyrolysis process of waste polyethylene in order to obtain an alternative fuel. The applied technology for obtaining a fuel from polyethylene is detailed in the paper.
The pyrolysis products were analyzed and characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy and gas chromatography with FID detector. The yield of pyrolysis process was also calculated.
After a comparative analysis, as detailed between diesel-fuel, we can estimate that there are premises for use as fuel the product obtained by the method described in the paper.
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CONAT20102046
TUN-UP A DIESEL EXPERIMENTAL SINGLE CYLINDER ENGINE WITH A COMMON-RAIL INJECTION EQUIPMENT
Mihai Dogariu, Nicolae Ispas
Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
tuning, common-rail, injection, single cylinder, test bench
ABSTRACT:
For tuning an experimental single cylinder engine with a high pressure injection equipment it recommended to follows some steps. The paper presents a practical solution to control the injection equipment regarding the start of injection, the injection's adjustable advance included, also adjustable injection?s time duration at different engine's characteristics.
An electronic unit process the Top Death Center crankshaft marker allowing an adjustable delay for a properly injection timing and duration. The conclusions will bee validate by experimental researches to the engine's test bench, using the exhaust emissions as feedback.
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CONAT20102047
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCHES REGARDING THE POSSIBILITY OF AUTOMATION OF A CONVENTIONAL GEARBOX
Mihai Dogariu, Nicolae Ispas
Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
actuating, logic, gear box, electrovalves, test bench
ABSTRACT:
The goal is to establish an actuating logic, the minimum necessary actuators and electrical driving unit. On the power train, a sequential self-acting, quadratic cycle Huffmann type device are implemented to act the clutch and the levers of gearbox to shift speed.
The number of actuators was minimized by using a combinational logic, which with the help of a "step by step" relay circuit was build-up. The acting energy is a pneumatic one, which activates a number of command electrovalves for pneumatic cylinders.
The conclusions will be validated by experimental researches to the engine's test bench.
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CONAT20102049
SOME RESEARCH REGARDING THE INFLUENCE OF MARINE DIESEL ENGINES PARAMETERS ON NOx EMISSIONS
Traian FLOREA, Alexandru Dragalina, Anastase PRUIU, Adrian TRIFAN, Nicu OLARU
Mircea cel Batran Naval Academy
; Military Technical Academy, Bucharest
KEYWORDS:
pollution, fuels, parameters, NOx, engine
ABSTRACT:
Depending on the specific engine design, different values for the NOx emissions can be measured in the exhaust gases. This is caused by the variations of the engine parameters in different operating conditions. If we can determinate the influence of the engine's parameters on the emissions, than we can adjust those parameters to obtain the lowest values for the emissions. This paper presents some research which was made with the purpose of finding the relations between engine parameters and exhaust emissions.
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CONAT20102050
SIMULATION OF A COMBUSTION PROCESS IN A GAS TURBINE COMBUSTOR AND SOME CONSIDERATION REGARDING THE NOx FORMATION
Traian FLOREA, Alexandru Dragalina, Anastase PRUIU, Adrian TRIFAN, Nicu OLARU
Mircea cel Batran Naval Academy
; Military Technical Academy, Bucharest
KEYWORDS:
pollution, gas, turbine, NOx, ANSYS
ABSTRACT:
There is international effort focused on the reduction of gaseous emissions that contribute to global warming and atmospheric pollution. Ships are responsible for a very important portion of this pollution contributing to environmental degradation. Exhaust from marine diesel engines and marine gas turbines include air pollution in the form of nitrogen oxides, carbon oxides, unburned hydrocarbons and particulate matter. These have been proven to have a negative impact on health and the environment. There are several ways of studying these emissions, with the purpose of understanding the formation of them. By analyzing the NOx formation in the gas turbine combustor, we can see that the NOx formation zones correspond to that high temperature zone inside the combustor, and after that we can develop solutions for the reduction of these temperatures.
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CONAT20102051
The Influence of Diesel Fuel and RME Blends on Exhaust Emissions from a Passenger Car Diesel Engine
Miloslaw Kozak, Jerzy Merkisz, Jacek Pielecha, Maciej Andrzejewski
Poznan University of Technology
KEYWORDS:
diesel engine, exhaust emissions, biofuel, RME
ABSTRACT:
Rapeseed Methyl Ester (RME) is becoming more and more common as a fuel for diesel engines. In Poland, RME is commercially available as a neat fuel (B100) and as two mixtures with diesel fuel (B5 and B20). Advantageous effects of RME on exhaust emissions form older diesel engines have been confirmed in many previous studies. However, in case of modern engines, the influence of RME on exhaust emissions seems to be less recognized and evident. The aim of the research described in this paper was to evaluate the potential of RME as a liquid fuel for modern diesel engines in relation to meeting emissions requirements.
The tests were carried out at the Poznan University of Technology?s Emissions Testing Laboratory using the AMX200 engine test bed. The Sensors SEMTECH-DS exhaust gas analyzer (CO, HC and NOx emissions) and AVL Microsoot Sensor (PM emissions) were used to measure exhaust emissions. The emission measurements were carried out over the 13-mode ESC cycle. The tests were conducted on a direct injection (Common Rail), turbocharged, four-cylinder, passenger car diesel engine, representing Euro 4 emissions level. Four different diesel fuel/RME blends were tested. These blends contained respectively: 5, 20, 50 and 100% RME.
The tests showed a considerable influence of RME on engine-out exhaust emissions. A very significant reduction hydrocarbons (HC) emissions was recorded when running on neat RME (63% average reduction over the ESC). HC emissions were noted to increase with increased amount of diesel fuel in the blend. Significant reductions were also noted for CO, NOx and PM emissions. The fuel economy was a little worse when running on RME due to its low energy content, however, CO2 emissions remained almost intact.
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CONAT20102053
IMPROVEMENT OF COLD STARTABILITY OF A BIODIESEL FUELLED ENGINE USING THE INJECTION OF VOLATILE SUBSTANCES IN THE INTAKE MANIFOLD
Rodica NICULESCU, Adrian CLENCI, Sergiu STROE , Victor Iorga-Siman
University of Pitesti
KEYWORDS:
biodiesel, cold start, additional injection
ABSTRACT:
Historically, engine selection for light vehicles is about choosing either the spark ignition engine, with low initial cost and poor fuel economy or the compression ignition (CI) engine, with its high initial cost and good fuel economy. Of the two technologies, the diesel engine accounts now for more than 50% sales in Europe and that is explained by its low CO2 emissions and fun-to-drive feature, which, in their turn, are the result of the application of advanced technologies such as electronically controlled high pressure direct fuel injection, variable geometry turbocharging, multi-valves, charge motion control, etc.
However, despite its improvements, the diesel engine still has problems at cold starting, which has negative effects on market acceptance and practical use. These problems are even greater for high specific power diesel engines as the higher the compression ratio within the air compressor, the lesser the engine volumetric compression ratio has to be.
If adding the actual concern for the alternative fuels, the problem of the diesel engine cold starting becomes even more difficult when using biofuels. The cold starting characteristics deteriorate as the ambient temperature lowers. This is due to the physical and chemical properties of the transesterified vegetable oil derivatives, called "biodiesel".
In order to sustain this remark, the paper will present an experimental investigation regarding cold starting characteristics at -20 degrees C of a common automotive compression ignition engine using commercial diesel fuel and different blends of diesel oil with biofuel, such as B30, B40 and B50.
The paper's final goal is to present a method of improving the cold startability by using a technique consisting in injecting some volatile substances of ether nature in the intake manifold. Discussions will be made on the implementation of the additional injector on the intake manifold as well as on the moment of injection and injection duration. Equally, the positive effects of this technique on startability will be outlined: increasing of real compression ratio and improving of auto-ignition process.
This work is carried out within the frame of a research project entitled "Research upon the development of a method to improve the cold starting of biodiesel engines for special destination vehicles", which is granted by the Romanian Council for Scientific Research in the Higher Education (CNCSIS).
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CONAT20102055
A DETAILED STUDY REGARDING THE BIODIESEL MARKET AND PRODUCTION CAPACITIES IN ROMANIA
DRAGOS TUTUNEA
UNIVERSITY OF CRAIOVA
KEYWORDS:
biodiesel, market, petrodiesel, vegetable oil, automotive industry
ABSTRACT:
The production of biodiesel is seen by the government of Romania as one of the promising options to provide an integrated solution to energy into an appropriate future. The biodiesel market will have an increase in the next few years not only because of the growing environmental concerns, but also because of the surging prices for non-renewable sources of energy, especially petroleum. Governments across entire world are encouraging the use of biodiesel; and many countries have initiated blending of conventional diesel with a percentage of biodiesel. In this paper we present a study of biodiesel market in our country with the evaluation of the biodiesel production capacities. Also we analyze the main issues regarding the economic viability of the biodiesel compared to classic fuel. These researches were done in the project.
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CONAT20102056
METHOD FOR BUILD UP AND DESCRIPTION OF THE EFFECT OF FUEL DEPOSITS BY BIODIESEL ON INJECTORS
Andreas Ellenschlager, Dietmar Zeh, Paul Guempel, Wolfgang Bleck, Frieder Buerkle, Alexander von Stockhausen
Robert Bosch GmbH
; University of Applied Science Konstanz; University RWTH Aachen
KEYWORDS:
Deposit, Biodiesel, Injector, FAME, Fuel Injection Equipment
ABSTRACT:
Biofuels are the only non-fossil fuels, which are currently available to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. The oxidation of the fuel and the following formation of deposits is a significant problem. A potential failure of the fuel pump, the injector or of the entire injection system increases.
The apparent lack of correlation between the formation of insolubles and other stability-related parameters represents the one major disconnect in the biodiesel stability literature. The influence of existing deposits and the best way to deal with them is not known.
This paper describes the function and the design of a deposit building and assessment gadget. With the test facility it is possible to study fuel deposits. During the test reproducible formation of fuel deposits are built through fatty acid methyl ester on a cylindrical surface. The test fixture is similar to the experimental setup for determining the static shear strength of an adhesive bond between a metal bolt and a metal sleeve. The emerging bond strength and the impact of deposits on the fuel injection system can be analyzed by this. The real shear stress can be determined at any time by the calculate overlap surface area between two cylindrical surfaces and the tensile force.
The use of a cylindrical surface geometry enables a conversion of the measured force and shear stress to other proportions. The effect of fuel deposits can be described by the area independent value the shear stress on all sliding parts with different diameters and operation forces that are used in a fuel injection equipment.
During a force-displacement measurement it comes to multiple holding positions with different holding times. These holding times represent a kind of a tension or relaxation test. With the relaxation and the restart of a force-path-measurement it is possible to conclude to the adhesion and cohesion performance of the deposits.
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CONAT20102057
HOW SUSTAINABLE IS THE SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION
Anca Duta, Ion Visa
Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
Sustainable fuel, bio-fuels, hydrogen, water photolysis
ABSTRACT:
Sustainable transportation represents a major topic set by EU as part of the 20/20/20 directive. This involves reducing the CO2 emissions and the use of clean fuel, obtained as much as possible based on renewable sources. There are already plenty of solutions, mainly at pilot level, ranging from the electric cars to the hydrogen - fuel cells systems, from bio-fuel to carbon sequestration mobile solutions. Each of these solutions offers certain advantages, bringing advances in solving the evident problems. Still, a real and sustainable progress can be registered only by a full analysis of the proposed solutions, in an approach considering the production - consumption - disposal cycle of the future fuels.
In this view, the paper presents a comparative analysis of the car fuels based on fossil resources (oil, coal), on bio-fuel and on hydrogen. While the first two types are still responsible for CO2 emissions, the use of hydrogen represents a totally clean alternative, considering the exhaust pipe emissions.
Obtaining hydrogen is not necessarily sustainable on the entire lifecycle, when using the nuclear route (for water electrolysis) or the hydrocarbons as raw materials; obtaining hydrogen via water photolysis represents a significantly increased sustainable path and details on the fundamentals are presented in the paper. The process, the present limitations and the future openings are discussed, correlated with the performance and the costs.
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CONAT20102058
TRENDS IN INTEGRATED PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLUTIONS FOR THE DESIGN OF NEW CARS GENERATION
Mihai COMSIT, Ion Visa
Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
car design, photovoltaic, integrated solutions, automotive, renewable energy
ABSTRACT:
The increasing demand for new products and, subsequently, for new transportation vehicles, the automotive industry started to shift the gear up to new solutions focusing on the fabrication technologies and also on alternative propulsion and energy production solutions.
While the economy world crisis imposes a new approach in terms of materials use and cost effective technologies, the environmental crisis of the XXI century rings the bell for fundamental changes in the automobile design, ranging from approaches in the propulsion systems up to the vehicle recyclability.
As a key actor in the environmental pollution and in the fossil fuels depletion, the automotive industry can play a significant role in the emission reduction by embracing already existing alternatives as hydrogen, bio-fuels or electric power for insuring the motive power.
Regarding the electric power, a rather novel alternative is provided by the photovoltaic conversion, using the inexhaustible source: solar radiation. Nowadays, there are many applications of photovoltaics in transportation, either for motive power or as auxiliary power units, particularly where fuel, maintenance, emissions or noise requirements preclude internal combustion engines or fuel cells. When it comes to motive power production, the photovoltaics shows their limits depending on the available area on each vehicle, on the speed limit, on the car transportation autonomy or on all of these.
The paper develops a synthesis on a set of novel concepts and on already implemented solutions, focusing on the possibilities to integrate the new and sustainable technologies - as photovoltaics, in the general design concept of the autovehicle, as a reliable and marketable product. The analysis of different photovoltaic based solutions, implemented in the car design and manufacturing allows a set of conclusions that support the development of novel integrated concepts for green cars. The paper proposes innovative concepts for integrated photovoltaic systems in the design of the new generation of cars. A critical analysis of their technology transfer is provided, considering the manufacturability, the sustainability and the costs.
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CONAT20102059
STUDY OF DIESEL FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM USING ADVANCED METHODS
Doru Baldean, Dan Moldovanu, Bogdan Varga, Emilian Borza, Levente Kocsis
Technical University of Cluj-Napoca
KEYWORDS:
diesel, injection system, fuel pressure, sensors, actuators
ABSTRACT:
Fuel injection system play a significant role in achieving all kind of engine performances. Fuel economy and power performance of internal combustion engines depends on the injection system parameters. The present paper shows the way of parameters variation in different operation conditions. Fuel pressure is a significant factor that influences combustion process and engine performances. Fuel economy and combustion process influences the environmental protection or pollution. Environmental pollution is a capital factor for the quality of existence. Human life and prosper depends on their environment's condition. The study deeply follows few of the diesel fuel injection system which influences the global engine operation and inclusively the polluting level. There is crystal clear that the fuel injection pressures dictate the way the combustion develops. The present study present the fuel injection pressure variations in different conditions, measured with sophisticated instruments.
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CONAT20102060
STUDY OF DIESEL FUEL COMBUSTION PROCESS USING ADVANCED SYMULATION METHODS
Doru Baldean, Nicolae Burnete, Istvan Barabas, Emilian Borza
Technical University of Cluj-Napoca
KEYWORDS:
diesel, combustion process, pressure, injection, internal combustion engine
ABSTRACT:
The present work realize a simulation research of the fuel injection and combustion phenomena. It shows the problem of few existent injection systems from diesel engines, but with some improvements which will be in accordance with the actual pollution standards and reduced fuel consumption requirements. The paper demonstrates the need to discuss this subject and its present importance, as well as its impact. There is analyzed the Common Rail Diesel injection system operation, and simulations are developed concerning its operation with classical fuels and biofuels. There are presented the positive and negative influences of biofuels use. There is also made a compared analysis of pollutant emissions simulation data obtained when operating with different fuel types.
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CONAT20102061
A STUDY REGARDING HYBRID ELECTRICAL VEHICLES
Eliza Chircan, Bogdan Benea
Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
Pollution, fuels, hybrid electrical vehicles, emissions
ABSTRACT:
The earth is almost at its peaks. It's hard to be indifferent to the big changes that occur every day, such as climate change. People in this world have forgotten that we are able to live due to our planet's kindness. It's time to give back to the one that is taking care of us for such a long time providing food and different materials such as fossil fuels.
One of the main causes of the climate change is pollution due to transportation. It's hard to live nowadays without the help of home appliances and cars. The last category, the vehicles, is the main contributor when it comes to CO2 and NOX emissions. Another bad thing about vehicles is the amount of fossil fuels that they burn. This fuels that help our car function are starting to disappear, shortly transportation being made impossible. Therefore it appears the need of renewable energy sources and vehicles that can work without using a big amount of fuel.
The next to be introduced are the cars of the near future: the hybrid electrical vehicles. They are eco-friendly vehicles that have low fuel consumption. One important feature of this kind of vehicles is the second battery, which stores energy. This kind of vehicle provides itself with energy from regenerative braking.
Hybrid electrical vehicles are quite simple to understand. In the content of the paper we will describe its way of working, its components, and discuss emission efficiency problems, that make the hybrid technology stand out.
A major change will occur if people will start to embrace the new technology, which will reduce not only the fuel consumption but also the amount of CO2 and NOx emission, which will help not only our planet but our lives as well.
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CONAT20102062
A BRIEF DISCUSSION ON BIOFUEL PRODUCTION
Bogdan Benea, Eliza Chircan
Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
Biofuel, Ethanol, Biodiesel, Green Diesel, Feedstock
ABSTRACT:
Looking up to a future energy crisis, new solutions have to appear. Using renewable natural means we can replace the existing demand for fossil fuels, preserving not only our non-renewable resources but also our environment.
New technologies are making their way towards sustainability. Implementing different methods, such as the Fischer-Tropsch reaction, fuels like green diesel will be produced. With the help of these biofuels we will be able to reduce the exhaust emissions and fossil fuel consumption.
Feedstock such as soybeans, palm trees will help develop a new way of life. These changes will not help only in the development of new fuels for the automotive industries but also in the food department, by producing cooking oil.
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CONAT20102063
THE BURNING OF LEAN MIXTURES IN SPARK IGNITION DIRECT INJECTION ENGINES
Dinu Fodor, Tudor Mitran , Horia Beles, Nicolae Fantana
University of Oradea
KEYWORDS:
hydrogen, mixture, combustion, engine, dispersion
ABSTRACT:
By adding a small quantity of hydrogen in the cylinder, it is possible to use lean mixtures in order to reduce consumption and emissions. Hydrogen is produced in a device on board of the vehicle. The results of the tests performed have shown that it is necessary a compositional correlation gasoline-hydrogen-air, strictly determined for each running condition of the engine, in order to assure the best connection of the load characteristics.
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CONAT20102064
BIOFUELS - ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCE IN ROMANIA
Nicolae Burnete, Bogdan Varga, Doru Baldean, Petre Bolba
Technical University of Cluj-Napoca
KEYWORDS:
biofuel, biodiesel, injection system, chemical pollution, green energy
ABSTRACT:
Fuel scientific concern and research began decades ago when transesterification of a vegetable oil was conducted as early as 1853 by scientists E. Duffy and J. Patrick, many years before the first diesel engine became functional. In a 1912 speech Diesel said, "the use of vegetable oils for engine fuels may seem insignificant today but such oils may become, in the course of time, as important as petroleum and the coal-tar products of the present time." Today, in many countries throughout the world biofuels are produced, studied and implemented in all kinds of I.C. engines in order to gain different benefits from their use, such as energy independence, low pollution and costs etc. Romanian society - especially the technical part of it - was quiet sensible to the idea of renewable biofuels, and developed its particular tests in order to verify itself the possibility of implementing the idea of locally cultivate, produce and use biofuels. The paper presents the evolution and some of the results in the past decade of research, production and implementation of biofuels in Romania, especially the contribution to all this work of the Automotive Department from Technical University Cluj-Napoca.
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CONAT20102065
DESIGN OF AN AIR COOLED CYLINDER HEAD FOR TWO FAMILYS OF DIESEL ENGINES WITH DIRECT INJECTION
Vladimir Mardarescu, Constantin Haseganu, Sebastian Radu, Ervin Adorean, Calin Itu, Marton Iakab-Peter
Technical University of Cluj-Napoca; INAR S.A.
KEYWORDS:
cylinder head, analysis, heat release, direct injection, stationary engine
ABSTRACT:
When designing a cylinder head for two families of stationary diesel engines, air cooled, direct injection, to consider these issues: the BMEP, which is limited to these engines to value 5.5 bar. To optimize gases exchange and obtain a desired swirl number, different solutions are studied geometry galleries, speed location of valves and gas fields developed in the process for each proposed solution.
The paper presents the optimal solution found in the following constructive analysis made for a program Fluent single cylinder engine and one engine family bi-cylinder mentioned, looking at for each case of cooling air flow.
Another aspect to be taken into account when designing the cylinder heads is to determine the thermal regimes of the cylinder head, piston, cylinder, valve and nozzle, in order to define the development of heat per cycle. From our experience in designing and attempts stationary air cooled engines and the development of injectors and new combustion chambers, a combustion code, written in C++, I simulate the heat release rate per cycle serving to define data plating to determine required heat transfer. The objectives of this paper are to define optimum construction solutions for a cylinder head for two families of air-cooled diesel engine with direct injection and 76 and 82 mm bore.
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CONAT20103001
Analysis of a Driving Cycle Proposed for Brasov City
Dinu Covaciu, Ion Preda, Daniela Florea, Janos Timar, Ovidiu-Vasile Campian
Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
driving cycle, data acquisition, acceleration, speed, GPS, CAD programming
ABSTRACT:
A driving cycle is a standardised driving pattern, described by means of a velocity-time table. The typical driving profile comprises accelerations, decelerations and stops and it is simulated on a laboratory chassis dynamometer. The European Driving Cycle is the common reference in Europe, but this cycle could not describe satisfactorily the driving characteristics in every urban area. In this paper is proposed a new driving cycle for Brasov city, based on real data collected using the instrumented vehicle method. The proposed cycle is a transitory one and it is compared with other known urban driving cycles, as global parameters. As pollutants emission, the proposed cycle is compared with the European Urban Driving Cycle.
The onboard data acquisition equipment were GPS devices and the collected data covers typical roads of the city. It was developed a dedicated CAD software tool for data analysis and for identification of the driving patterns. The support of the application is AutoCAD, and the programming language AutoLisp.
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CONAT20103006
Using multi-sensor fusion and digital maps for driver assistance systems
Corneliu-Mihail Alexandrescu, Mihai Niculescu
Politehnica University of Bucharest
KEYWORDS:
multi-sensor fusion, intelligent transport systems, digital maps
ABSTRACT:
The transport system, both for people and goods, is one of the key pillars of any modern society. Especially in the last 5 years, road transport became a dominant mode of transport and as a consequence started to experience major problems related to congestion, accidents and pollution. One of the solutions that proved to be efficient in alleviating those problems is the implementation and usage of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) defined as telecommunication and IT applications for a more efficient management of the transport process.
In road transport, ITS systems include applications both at road network operators? level as well as on-board driver assistance systems. For the latter, in order to be efficient and reliable, it is crucial to be capable of providing an accurate representation of the environment around the vehicle and to be always aware of the vehicle relation with that environment in terms of position, speed and heading. Current research has shown that the best way to perform these tasks is to use digital data fusion techniques on the information received from various on-board sensors: radar, laser range finders, video cameras, GPS, acceleration, steering wheel rate of turn etc.
This paper will present a solution for digital signal processing in a driver assistance system based on fusion of digital map data and data taken from GPS, video and radar sensors. The architecture of the system will be considered together with the mathematical support for signal processing as well as the software and hardware requirements. Finally, the benefits of the proposed solution as opposed to existing techniques will be analysed.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20103010
Sensors and Algorithms for Line Tracking in Mobile Robots Navigation
Adrian Dumitriu, Sorin-Constantin Zamfira
Transilvania University
KEYWORDS:
Mobile robots, Line tracking, Sensors, Algorithms
ABSTRACT:
Following a contour disposed on the ground is an important problem in autonomous vehicles navigation. It serves for autonomous-guided vehicles in flexible manufactoring cells to follow a cable mounted on the floor and for autonomous cars to keep the road using the demarcation lines. The paper presents some solutions designed by the authors for mobile robots, using one to three light sensors or CCD cameras. Cameras can be mounted on the robots and guided by servomotors to track or monitor color, or can be mounted outside the robot and supported by powerfull image processing software. as well as, to identify the proper trajectory and communicate, via a wireless interface, the movements corrections to the robot. Three configurations of the robots used are described: two LEGO wheeled robots build up with RCX and NXT LEGO boxes, which include adequte sensor and actuator units and another wheeled robot named IZEBOT. Experiments carried out for line tracking with maxim speeds allowed to keep the race are briefly presented, as well as routines which implement the algorithms in high-level (PBASIC for IZEBOT) and graphic programming environments (for the two LEGO robots) are also briefly presented.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20103011
THE OPTIMIZATION OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN THE SOUTH-EAST AREA OF OLT COUNTY
Sorin ILIE, Alexandru BOROIU, Gabriela MITRAN, Nadia BELU, Viorel NICOLAE
University of Pitesti
KEYWORDS:
public transport, transport modelling, level of service, transportation demand, performance indicators
ABSTRACT:
In July 2011, new county transportation programs for regional public transport are to be subject of tendering, and these programs will be operational in the period 2011-2014. A study has been performed for this purpose, based on the evaluation of transportation demand. The result was a new design for the transit system of Olt county, characterized by grouping the routes on geographic and economic criteria and the adaptation of the program to the current transportation demand. Based on a computerized transport model and on data recorded in Olt county territory, there were calculated the main specific indicators, which confirm that the newly proposed system has superior performances against the existing one.
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CONAT20103012
TRANSPORT DEMAND MODELLING FOR OPTIMIZING A COUNTY PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM
Gabriela MITRAN, Sorin ILIE, Alexandru BOROIU, Nadia BELU
University of Pitesti
KEYWORDS:
transport demand modelling, traffic counts, model estimation, land use, software for transportation planning
ABSTRACT:
In the transportation studies it is deemed necessary to consider the interaction between transportation and land use in the analyses of the influence of transport facilities. The future land use pattern is exogenously given in transport models and the future regional and intraregional travel time is exogenously given in land use models. This work presents the Travel Demand Model that utilizes a traditional four-step trip-based model process consisting of trip generation, trip distribution, mode choice and trip assignment for Olt county accomplished with software specialized in transportation planning, travel demand modeling and network data management. At each step in the model development process, the model components are subjected to a series of aggregate and disaggregate validation tests following estimation of model parameters. Model validation is strictly an aggregated set of comparisons, and represent the final test of the model?s ability to accurately simulate existing travel behaviors. The land use, demographic, and economic data is one of the key inputs to the model. The main data source for the elaboration of the travel demand model were obtained from the local public authorities and the National Institute of Statistics. Calibration model was made based on the traffic count in the principal points of interest in the study area and actual transit boarding for each route for an entire weekday was obtained from on-board rider surveys.
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CONAT20103013
SETTING OF THE STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES OF THE COUNTY PUBLIC TRANSPORT BASED ON POPULATION MOBILITY AND ON CAPACITY OF TRANSPORTATION OPERATORS
Alexandru BOROIU, Viorel NICOLAE, Sorin ILIE, Gabriela MITRAN
University of Pitesti
KEYWORDS:
county public transport, strategic objectives, transportation demand dynamics, the capacity of transportation operator, system capacity
ABSTRACT:
In the scientific research contracts made by the authors, concerning setting strategies on the development of public passenger transport in the next five years and the designing of the programs for the public transport of persons for the period 2011 - 2014 in the counties Valcea, Arges, Olt and Dolj, it was assessed the dynamics of population mobility in these time periods and the evolution of the operators capacity which are involved in the public passengers transport. Based on the existing capacity indicators of public transport systems - determined by the ratio of demand / supply on public passengers transport - and socio-economic projections for every county in hand, various proposals have been advanced for the strategy followed in the development of public transport. Thus, for Arges and Valcea counties where there are several operators with a high capacity, in future transportation program 2011 - 2014 may be offered groups of routes (up by economic and geographical criteria) and single routes, while for counties Olt and Dolj counties, the reduced capacity of the transport operator requires in the future to be offered in single routes manner.
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CONAT20103014
VEHICLES IDENTIFICATION AND CLASSIFICATION WITH LASER WAVES
Nicolae Filip, Ioan Simu, Dan Airinei
Technical University of Cluj-Napoca
KEYWORDS:
laser, scan, speed, class, recognition, matrix
ABSTRACT:
In this paper is presented the research carried out for developed laser detection principle the road vehicles. The aim of this research is to identify the vehicles by scanning it through the vertical axe and to display the shape resulted on PC, using a graphics interface. The basic vehicle dimensions are measured with the laser sensor. Using an LT-3 Banner programmable transducer and an electronic interface designed in this purpose, experimental equipment was developed in the Road Traffic laboratory. The tests carried out with toy car and with automobiles were recorded in Lab View program. For describe the vehicle shape (at real dimensions) a matrix equation system was proposed. The tests carried out shows the fact that the vehicles can be identified in real time, for obtain a vehicles classification used to developed traffic management systems.
As a conclusion of the research carried out is the fact that the possibilities of the real time vehicle scanning using laser sensors represent a real opportunity and an efficient method for traffic monitoring.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20103015
PRECISION LAYERED MAPPING SYSTEM FOR POLLUTION CONCENTRATION IN THE AUTOMOTIVE FIELD
Ciprian-George Pirna , Simona Lache
Transilvania University of Brasov; Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
pollution monitoring, GIS, layered mapping
ABSTRACT:
Classic pollution monitoring systems usually include individual data collection and processing stations which take multiple readings of different chemical concentration values in the atmosphere. Depending on the actual person or entity which is operating or running the pollution monitoring program, the monitoring stations can be standalone or networked. The purpose of a standalone pollution monitoring station usually is to monitor an urban crowded area, or a specific site of a certain importance. The collected data can be directly shown to the public either by relaying it to an electronic billboard type panel or by constantly relaying it to a web server, from where it can be freely accessed. Network pollution monitoring systems are specially designed to manage a whole network of geographical widespread sensors which give off readings on a whole area.
This paper proposes a new approach in pollution monitoring systems, consisting in integrating GPS mapping technology in the classic pollution monitoring systems. By correlating precision spatial positioning telemetry provided by a GPS receptor, to the chemical concentration sensors, the newly developed system would be able to accurately determine the relative concentration of different polluting agents in a given geospatial area. Practically, this is done by using a GIS type software (Geographic Information System) which can be configured so that it operates on different levels, usually known as layers. Basically, a known raster type map of a certain section of the city can be regarded as one layer. Consequently, GPS data and sensor data can be viewed as different layers in this sophisticated map. This would mean that for the end user, it would be possible to view on a single pictogram, buildings, streets (bird's eye view), precision spatial data, and sensor data. With the help of GIS it would also be possible to breakdown sensor data into multiple layers. This means that on a layer it is possible to view only one agent levels (i.e. CO2), multiple agents, or even a certain combination of polluting agents in relation to the raster map, whatever the user sees fit, or whatever he requires for his/it's application. Furthermore, the special precision added by the integration to the GPS receptors is extremely useful when trying to compare maps of the same geographical area. Usually this is done to track the evolution of pollution concentration changes within a certain area (a certain street in the city for example). This data is useful when assessing the relative pollution degree in relation to the registered vehicles number. One must also mention that the GIS system is extremely flexible and it can correlate sensor data from multiple sensor types, including temperature level sensors. This is important since one can make a correlation between car exhaust gases temperature and the relative environmental temperature. Keeping this in mind, temperature sensors can be installed as a whole wireless network which not only monitors the main roads or access ways, but also adjacent areas. As a result, it is possible to monitor temperature differences at the "borderline" between busy access ways and the relative usual environmental temperature. The GPS support comes in handy once again and it supports the spatial mapping of the environmental pollution temperature influence.
It has become clear that the environmental protection is one of the great concerns of our century, and that the automotive manufacturers are more and more oriented to offering clean and reliable transportation means. By using smart tools like the GIS-GPS pollution monitoring systems, society can best balance the rate between numbers of vehicles and pollution rate.
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CONAT20103016
Optimization of the calculation parameters for street noise mapping in LimA
George Tache, Daniel Comeaga, Bogdan Lazarovici
Enviro Consult; University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest; Enviro Consult
KEYWORDS:
noise maps, street noise, noise map errors
ABSTRACT:
The necessary time for computing the results for the noise maps for complex street source in big urban areas is significantly big, being influenced by the obstacles (buildings) and the street density but also by the calculation parameters. LimA was the computation software used by the authors in making the noise maps for street source, in 5 big agglomerations from Romania, software which allowed the setup of different simulation parameters. A study was done for identification of the relationship between errors and parameters, the results being presented in this article. Because of the importance of modeling errors, the emission model was validated using noise measurements. The study was done for several type of areas, having different configurations of obstacles (building density, height) and street network density. The conclusions of the study identifies an optimal set of calculation parameters.
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CONAT20103017
ROAD TRAFFIC CHEMICAL POLLUTION MODELING SYSTEM
Stelian TARULESCU , Radu TARULESCU
Transilvania University of Brasov; Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
Traffic, pollution, measurement, model, CAD
ABSTRACT:
Traffic chemical pollution is probably the most serious and pervasive type of pollution from the urban areas. The problem has been compounded by increases in traffic volumes far beyond the expectations of our early urban planners. For the realized study it was choose a route from the historical centre of the Brasov city. The route contains six intersections. The data regarding the traffic flow were collected during the chemical level measurements. The points of the measurements were chosen in function of the intersection's geometry and of the buildings' placement from this area. In order to realize a modeling system for the main air pollutants, it is necessary to analyze all the intersections from this area. In this study is presented the methodology for a chemical pollutants approximation model.
For intersection's analysis there were collected data about the road traffic and data about the chemical pollution in the neighborhood of the road. The volume of the traffic flow was determined by counting the total number of the vehicles, which passed through the intersection during one hour (15.00-16.00) in all ways. For each intersection ware selected several measurement points for the chemical pollutants monitoring. For measuring the concentration of the chemical pollutants from the studied area it will be used a team of two persons. In order to realize this data base, all the traffic flows data and chemical pollution data registered for the studied intersections, ware collected in work sheets, using Microsoft Excel software. Using the measured data from the intersections, an average pollution level for each of these ones can be established. For model verification, in one of the route intersections ware made chemical pollution measurements.
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CONAT20103018
CHEMICAL POLLUTION PRODUCED BY THE HEAVY VEHICLES IN URBAN AREAS
Stelian TARULESCU, Radu TARULESCU
Transilvania University of Brasov; Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
Heavy vehicles, chemical, pollution, measurement, traffic
ABSTRACT:
In this paper it is presented a study of the experimental researches about the influence of the increasing of the heavy vehicles over the air quality in urban areas. There were studied several intersections of the Brasov City, for a hour interval according with the current Environmental legislation from the European Union. This study includes road traffic measurements effectuated in 2009 and chemical emissions measurements. The measurements of the pollutant emissions specific to the zone studied were realized with a portable gas detector MultiRAE IR. It was analyzed the concentration variation of three chemical pollutants (CO [ppm], VOC [ppm], SO2 [ppm]) and CO2 concentration, specific to the areas near the road? infrastructure for one time interval when the measurements were made. Also, there ware made meteorological conditions measurements, using a portable anemometer, AIRFLOW TA460. The selected time interval was 15.00-16.00, when the traffic flow density is high. The study was realized taking into account the pollutants mentioned in the Environmental legislation from the European Union and the conditions of the World Health Organization (W.H.O.).
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CONAT20103020
Evaluation of acoustic properties of composite materials with potential application in the sound barriers structures
Mariana-Domnica Stanciu, Janos Timar, Ioan Curtu, Calin Rosca
Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
traffic noise, composite, acoustics, sound barrier
ABSTRACT:
The paper focuses on evaluation of acoustic properties of composite materials using numerical and experimental methods. The first part of paper presents the acoustic properties of materials in terms of transmission attenuation, reflection loss, damping coefficient for different frequencies obtained by simulation in Lima software. These results are based on real data of noise maps collected by research team from research department D02 of Transilvania University of Brasov. The second part aims to experimental method using Bruel & Kjaer equipment in order to determine the basic acoustic properties of the composite materials. In conclusion, the diversity of materials connected with functional structures and environment needs lead to efficient and proper design of sound barriers.
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CONAT20103022
PASSENGER CAR DIMENSIONAL STATISTICS RELATED TO OPTIMAL PARKING SPACE
Costel Bejan, Venetia Sandu
INAR; Transylvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
passenger cars, parking systems, turning space, space use, dimensional dispersion
ABSTRACT:
The paper deals with dimensional analysis of several types of passenger cars (limousine, coupe, combi and SUV) in order to consider space economy of mechanical/automated parking versus classical parking. It is calculated space use coefficients and access lane dimensions according to curvature turning for classical parking. For more than 700 passenger car models there were analyzed length, width, height, wheelbase and track being found a relatively high dimensional dispersion. Some cost considerations are made in order to make decisions on choosing mechanical/automated or classical car parks for Romanian cities.
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CONAT20103024
MINIMIZING DISTRIBUTION COSTS - DIRECT VERSUS INTERMEDIATE-PLATFORM TRANSPORT
Cristina Manea , Laurentiu Manea
Catholic University of Louvain; Ovidius University
ABSTRACT:
The paper focuses on the key variables to be taken into consideration while choosing between direct transport and intermediate warehouses logistic solution. It begins by presenting the most common distribution architectures and their strengths and weaknesses. In the second section it discusses the choice of the vehicles taking as key variable the quantity to be transported. The choice for the distribution network is discussed next with a special focus on the choice between direct distribution and the use intermediate warehouses. Optimization methods are used based on cost minimization. The last section of the study presents some case studies and it evaluates the extent to which the distribution costs might be reduced should the right distribution method be used.
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CONAT20103025
VISUALISATION AND SAFETY EVALUATION OF TRUCK ROUTE AND BRAKING DATA
Zoltan Fazekas, Peter Gaspar
Computer and Automation Research Institute Budapest
KEYWORDS:
geographical information systems, data visualisation, traffic safety evaluation, activity identification, data clustering methods
ABSTRACT:
Firstly, the visualisation of truck routes and braking data for traffic safety monitoring purposes is demonstrated using widely used geographical/navigational programs and facilities. Then rule-based categorizations of the roads? surroundings, actual road locations, as well as, the basic activities of the trucks are presented. Then their automatic implementation are considered. Some examples of clustering-based evalution of the categorised data is also given.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20103026
Alternate Transport system using Magnetics
Tejinder Singh
Infosys Technologies Ltd., Chandigarh, India
KEYWORDS:
Alternate, transport, cyber, city, electricity, magnetic
ABSTRACT:
A magnetically propelled vehicle which is non-polluting and solve all traffic problems. The vehicle is propelled by embedded electromagnets in road. This system will be helpful in totally mitigating accidents on road; will totally wipe out traffic lights; will allow for better management of emergencies, like ambulances will reach hospitals without facing any traffic although there may be huge traffic on road; better management can be done in allocating dynamic lanes according to upside and downside traffic; stealing of vehicles can be controlled; the vehicles will be silent; the vehicles will not pollute environment in any way; the passenger need not drive the vehicle, the vehicle may reach destinations (driver just need to enter destination) in autopilot mode; will give option of traffic management which is unheard of until no; will rival the GPS system and is simpler then it to implement; this system can be incorporated into present day vehicles and can be slowly integrated with our present road infrastructure.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20103027
EVOLUTION OF ROAD TRAFFIC IMPACT ON AIR QUALITY IN BUCHAREST CENTRAL AREA
Claudiu-Ion Mija, Octavian-Valeriu Datculescu
Registrul Auto Roman
KEYWORDS:
traffic,pollution,mobile laboratory,air quality,emission levels,trend analysis
ABSTRACT:
The specific objective of the study presented in this paper was to realistic emphasize, by means of a demonstrative case study, the evolution trend of the road traffic mobile source impact on street level ambient air quality in Bucharest central area, taking into account the progressive harmonization in the last decade (2000-2010) of the Romanian national legislation with the EU directives related to the emission standards, automotive fuel quality and ambient air quality. In this way, there is a possibility to assess the actual vehicle fleet emission patterns under real driving conditions, and also to carry out the trend analysis of the emission levels taking into account the expected improvement of the emission performance, due especially to the rapid year-after-year fleet penetration of modern catalyst cars. The main conclusion is related to the fact that the inter-annual evolution of the road traffic impact on street level air pollution is marked by a continue and progressive reduction in the last decade, trend mainly due to the rapid fleet penetration of new generation motor vehicles with superior emission performances replacing on a very large scale the older big polluter vehicles, but also to the very significant improvements in automotive fuel quality.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20103029
OPTIMIZATION METHODS OF URBAN RAIL TRANSPORTATION AND POPULATION EXPOSURE CALCULATION
Janos Timar, Mariana Stanciu , Corneliu Cofaru, Daniela Florea, Anghel Chiru, Dinu Covaciu
Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
population exposure, noise map, rail noise optimisation, noise barrier, noise modelling
ABSTRACT:
Noise is a major source of dissatisfaction in residential areas. There are many noise sources in the urban areas, but only some of them can be taken into consideration for noise mapping and noise reduction action planning. These are: road traffic, railway traffic, airports and industry. The research paper intends to make the optimized noise map of the rail transport of Tg. Mureº city. The local authorities mentioned that they would like to reduce in the future the rail noise. Therefore it was made some investigation and resulted that one optimization could be that along the rail line where the buildings are close to one another, noise barriers could be mounted, reducing the rail noise in this way with 5 - 10 dB (A). Another optimization is welding the rail joints and reducing the speed limitation to 50 km/h along the urban area resulting a 2 dB (A) reduction.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20103030
OPTIMIZATION METHODS REGARDING THE BUILDING TRANSFER IN LIMA SOFTWARE
Janos Timar, Mariana Stanciu, Corneliu Cofaru, Daniela Florea, Dinu Covaciu, Ionatan Popa
Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
urban noise, noise map, optimization methods, Lima soft, noise modelling
ABSTRACT:
Noise is a major source of dissatisfaction in residential areas. There are many noise sources in the urban areas, but only some of them can be taken into consideration for noise mapping. The pre-processing phase includes the activities for preparing LimA input data: the layers of GIS map (streets, terrain model, buildings, and other obstacles) and noise sources data: traffic volumes, vehicles speed, flow type, road surface and gradient.
In this research paper the focus was uppon the buildings transfer from GIS (.DXF) to LimA (.BNA) format and the same time problems which appierd along it and how can they be solved.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20103031
DIGITAL SYSTEM FOR MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT OF INDIVIDUAL OR FLEET AUTOMOTIVE VEHICLES
Marius-Cristian LUCULESCU, Claudiu-Iulian ENACHE
Transilvania University of Brasov; CLAMAR Software
KEYWORDS:
Monitoring, tracking, vehicle, fleet, GPS
ABSTRACT:
Collecting information about a vehicle offers a lot of advantages, starting with the mere possibility of tracking the location, the followed route, continuing with the identification of the motion parameters and/ or operating parameters of the vehicle or the parameters of the way on it moves, and ending with the optimization of the followed route or operation mode according to various criteria. Such a Vehicle Tracking System (VTS) is composed of two subsystems: hardware and software, the last one being designed with low level programing language functions specific for data acquisition. It can act individually and collects and stores information in a local memory (similar as a data-logger), called passive type VTS, or it can be used with special designed software (high level programming language) for monitoring and management of vehicles, sending information in real-time to an operational base or server, called active type VTS. This paper presents a digital system for monitoring and management of individual or fleet automotive vehicles that combines the passive and active advantages of the VTS.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20104001
Optimization of the endurance test of the vehicle power train
Julian Rothfuss, Michael Butsch, Peter Kuchar
BMW Group; HTWG Konstanz; HTWG Konstanz
KEYWORDS:
endurance test, roller chassis dynamometer, condensing process, test track
ABSTRACT:
An increasingly comprehensive range of propulsion systems with additional combinations of combustion engines and electrical actuators, the development of energy recuperation systems as well as increasing demands on vehicle endurance tests require a sustainable optimization of the testing procedures. The transfer of endurance tests from the road to the roller chassis dynamometer allows a significant reduction of the testing time and that combined with a substantial reduction of effort.
The following paper firstly examines to which extent the real loading conditions of a street endurance test of the vehicle power train can be reproduced on a conventional free jet roller chassis dynamometer. The results show that the current state of the roller chassis dynamometer technology is not yet sufficient to reach this target. Within the framework of the following paper, the functionality of conventional roller chassis dynamometers could be enhanced by different optimization methods.
In order to review the quality of the results of the optimized roller chassis dynamometer, two identical vehicles are constructed for a comparative test. While the first vehicle runs the complete distance of the endurance test on the test track, the second vehicle performs the same test procedure and distance on the optimized free jet roller chassis dynamometer. A comparison of the subsequent test results of the two vehicles shows that a transfer of the endurance test from the test track to a roller chassis dynamometer is very well feasible. Therefore, the basis for the requested transfer of the endurance test of a vehicle power train from the street or test track to a roller chassis dynamometer is provided.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20104002
A SIMULATION MODEL OF A MOTORBIKE ENGINE LUBRICATION CIRCUIT
Dario Buono, Adolfo Senatore, Massimo Cardone, Claudio Lombardi
University of Naples Federico II
; Piaggio SpA
KEYWORDS:
Lubrication circuit, monodimensianal simulation model
ABSTRACT:
In this paper a mono-dimensional model of the lubrication circuit of a motorbike engine will be shown. The engine was designed and manufactured by Aprilia. It is the first Aprilia four strokes engine, has a V architecture and many advanced solutions (as drive by wire gas pedal system). The model was performed by LMS AMESim code, a mono-dimensional platform to analyze engineering solutions.
The model building-up phases started during engine designing and several lay-out configurations circuits and different components (eg injectors, oil pumps) were analyzed.
After the first prototype and the first experimental tests, the simulation model was accurately validated. Furthermore, some dedicated experimental tests were performed (eg oil pumps, oil filter, etc) to improve the 1D model.
In this work the results of the final model will be shown. After the build-up phase and the validation curves, the numerical results of the final simulation model will be shown. Furthermore, it will be analyzed all the lubrication model components and the procedure to model and validate them.
The goal of the Authors is to demonstrate the validity and the applicability of a mono-dimensional code to the engine lubrication circuit, during both the design and the development phases.
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CONAT20104003
STUDYING HOW THE VEHCILE’S ENGINE OPERATES USING MULTIVARIABLE PROCEDURES
Florin-Constantin Oloeriu, Emanuel-Decebal ILINA, Mihai BODONEA, Giorgiana ROSCA, Ion COPAE
Bucharest, Military Technical Academy
KEYWORDS:
principal component analysis (PCA), factor analysis (FA), cluster analysis (CA), discriminant analysis (DA), multivariate statistics, engine diagnosis
ABSTRACT:
Complex systems, just as the current vehicle's engines are, whose operations are monitored by the computer, are characterized, amongst other things, by a large variety of parameters which are measured with the help of the already build-in sensors. The fact that we have so many measured parameters makes it difficult to analyze the data when we want to easily find out what is the central evolution tendency when the engine is operating. That is why techniques of multivariate statistics were lately developed, which considerably reduce the volume of data that contain information on the operating parameters.
The paper highlights the main possibilities available when studying how the vehicle's engine operates using algorithms specific to the multivariate statistics. A particular example of studying the engine's behaviour is represented by the diagnosis activity performed onto the vehicle, an activity which presents a special attention throughout the paper; to this purpose, during the experimentations we've intentionally caused certain malfunctions to the engine: intake manifold loss of pressure was caused with the help of a set of nozzles of certain diameters. Circuit disconnect were caused for the electrical circuit which connects the throttle's position sensor with the ECU and circuit disconnect were also performed on the sensor circuit.
Certain multivariate statistics algorithms are applied, especially those algorithms that allow us to study how the engine functions based on the data gathered throughout testing activities. The paper will present how these algorithms are applied for the electronically controlled engines, thus all data was gathered right from the engine's ECU.
To this purpose we will call on principal component analysis, factor analysis, cluster analysis and discriminant analysis. We will present the drawn conclusions regarding the engine's operation during normal conditions and in the presence of certain malfunctions; in this last case an exemplification will be given about the possibility of finding and isolating the engine's malfunction.
Based on what the paper presents, we can draw the conclusion that specific algorithms for multivariate statistics, those which were applied here but other algorithms also, can be used when studying how the electronically controlled engine works, for its diagnosis or for studying its fuel savings and dynamic behaviour.
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CONAT20104005
DIESEL ENGINE IN-CYLINDER CALCULATIONS WITH OpenFOAM
Ervin Adorean, Gheorghe-Alexandru Radu
Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
Diesel engine, simulation, internal flow, combustion, CFD, OpenFOAM
ABSTRACT:
The reduction of Diesel engines emissions is a challenging task. Reducing both soot and NOx at the same time is quite difficult, especially with no fuel consumption penalty. Reducing them both is possible by enhancing the air-fuel mixing process in order to improve combustion. Experimental research still does not give us enough information about the very complex thermo-and fluid dynamic processes that are happening in a Diesel engine. In
addition, experimental research is still quite expensive and time consuming.
The objective of this work is to give support to experimental research by giving some insight of the complex phenomena that occur in the cylinder and the combustion chamber of Diesel engines, using CFD modeling. The first task was to calculate the air flow through the inlet ports and cylinders of Diesel engines and the second one was to calculate combustion in a Diesel engine.
A steady flow test rig setup for Diesel engine ports development has been successfully simulated with OpenFOAM. The flow through the inlet ports was simulated at different valve lifts. The CFD calculated values of flow coefficients and swirl ratios agree fairly well with the experimental results. By sectioning the domain, a detailed description of the flow field can be obtained. These calculations have been done for three different engines.A step forward was the simulation of combustion in a direct injection Diesel engine. This is a much more complex task, but the calculated in-cylinder pressure agrees well with the measured pressure. Once the validation is done, studies of variation of different parameters (combustion chamber design, injection pressure, injector nozzle inclination angle, swirl ratio, injection timing, etc.) have been conducted.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20104006
Data acquisition system based on GPS technology, for vehicle dynamics analysis
Dinu Covaciu, Ion Preda, Ovidiu-Vasile Campian
Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
vehicle dynamics, data acquisition, GPS, velocity, acceleration
ABSTRACT:
To date, the GPS devices are well known and used by many people, especially for navigation. These are commercial GPS devices, which can be found at decent prices. Professional devices also exists for geodesic applications, and even for dynamic data acquisition (like the Vbox system). These are much more precise devices, but also very expensive.
This paper presents a complete acquisition system developed by the authors, using a high performance GPS device, available on the market, a portable mini-computer (UMPC) and a dedicated software. The GPS sensor is one oriented to OEM users, for machine operation and guiding and agricultural applications. The sensitivity is very high and the registration rate is 5 Hz. It is connected to a computer through serial interface.
The software application developed for this system takes the information from the GPS sensor using special sentences defined by the NMEA messages standard. Information about position, velocity and acceleration are displayed in real time on the computer display and all useful data acquired are saved in a text file. These data are imported then in a special CAD application, for post-processing. The system was used in various studies regarding vehicle dynamics or efficiency and traffic or noise analysis. Some diagrams and reports obtained after post-processing are also presented in the paper.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20104007
ON THE DESIGN AND CONTROL OF ACTIVE VEHICLE SUSPENSION. THE DUAL OBJECTIV ANALYSIS
Dumitru Nicoara
Transylvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
design active suspension, control, becksteping controller, ride confort
ABSTRACT:
When designing vehicle suspensions, the dual objective is to minimize the vertical forces transmitted to the passengers (i.e., to minimize vertical car body acceleration) for passenger comfort, and to maximize the tire-to-road contact (i.e., to minimize wheelhop) for handling and safety. While traditional passive suspensions can negotiate this tradeoff effectively, active suspension systems have the potential to improve both ride quality and handling performance, with the important secondary benefits of better braking and cornering because of reduced weight transfer. This improvement, of course, is conditional upon the use of feedback to control the hydraulic actuators. In this paper we propose two methods for analysing this tradeoff. First, we use frequency domain analysis of passive quarter- car suspension system and second we design a becksteping controller for analyse a parallel active suspension in wich the hidraulic actuator force is viewed as the control input. Finally, some concluding remarks are given for further research.
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CONAT20104008
Application of virtual reality techniques in workplace design process on example of stud welding
Filip GORSKI, Maciej KOWALSKI
Poznan University of Technology
KEYWORDS:
virtual reality, ergonomics, workplace design, stud welding
ABSTRACT:
If the modern production company aspires to meet constantly expanding requirements of the market, it has to shorten particular phases of new product development and reduce production costs. One of the way of cost and time reduction is the optimization of manufacturing processes. In case of mass production (which is frequent in automotive industry), workplaces built to carry out the particular operations in technological process are mostly highly specialized and they need to be tested thoroughly to minimize the time consumed by particular activities. Conventional design techniques do not allow full testing of such workplaces before they are physically created. In case when workplace design has to be corrected, a company endures costs related with reconfiguration, also a significant amount of time is lost.
Thanks to application of one of modern design aiding technologies - virtual reality - these problems become easy to avoid. Creating a virtual prototype of the manufacturing workplace allows testing different configurations, selecting an optimal order of operations and examining the ergonomics without building the physical workplace. Properly prepared virtual workplace can also be used as a training application for future operators, before starting the production.
This paper shows the course and a result of the research focused on creating a virtual prototype of a stud welding workplace for automotive industry. The workplace was created in a form of a virtual reality system software application and it is fully interactive. Work on the virtual workplace resembles work on the real workplace, thanks to application of special input devices like magnetic system of position tracking and glove for gesture recognition. All the tests usually performed on physical workplace prototype can be done on the virtual prototype. Thanks to this, both time and costs endured by the company during introducing a new production process can be reduced.
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CONAT20104009
Simulation of performance curve of alternator
Csaba Blaga
University of Miskolc
KEYWORDS:
automotive electric and electronic systems, alternator, performance curve, simulation
ABSTRACT:
This paper presents a simulation model of alternator in order to get its performance characteristic I(n). The alternator of cars has an important role: to produce electric energy necessary to supply the electric and electronic systems of car and to charge the battery. One of the most important characteristic of an alternator is the performance curve that distinguishes it from the DC generator called dynamo. This curve has a special shape that gives an advantageous behaviour to alternator and this is the main reason why the alternator has totally substituted the dynamo in the current generating process at a car. The special shape of alternator can be understood better using advanced engineering methods. Studying the construction and operation of alternator we can built up its mathematical model and simulation can be carried out. We expect to get by simulation the same characteristic as it is in reality. Firstly it can be observed that the alternator is a synchronous generator. The induced alternating voltage changes its amplitude and frequency as the speed of the shaft changes. This depends on the rpm of the main shaft of the internal combustion engine. The saturation of magnetic flux and frequency dependence of impedance have great influence on the performance characteristic of alternator. The supplied alternating current has to be rectified by applying diodes in order to be able to charge the battery. Changing the parameters of simulation model we can suddenly get the resulted performance curve. In this way it is easier to study the influence of different parameters in the design process and education as well.
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CONAT20104010
Considerations about modalities for CAD/FEM design and optimization improvements for the automotive and engine's mechanical structures
Ionut Serban, Gheorghe Bobescu
ESCAD Salzburg; Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
Simulation and testing for vehicle and components / CAD Design optimization
ABSTRACT:
The CAD and FEM tools are today the most usualy instruments in order to design and optimize mechanical structures. Regarding years ago, those tools were not accesible for every one, but only for a limited number of research centers and big companies. It is amazing to look in the evolution of the CAD tools starting with the "old" 2D systems and today's modern and powerful "all-in-one" design softwares. The software applications for design and optimization regarding structural mechanical structures, and specially those who are used in the automotive engineering area, provide a wide range of modalities in order to improve the results. Almost all design engineers are able today to use those tools in their design activities. It is anyway to be concerned the way they are doing and to search modalities in order to improve the design engineering work. In addition, a structured way for design will allow a better application of finite analysis method (FEM). It was earlier not so important how a mechanical component is to be designed in a CAD tool. Today, it is very important how the mechanical component will be designed, if it is easy to be modified, if the design method "user-friendly" is. Today the designed part will be generated in a design office, but will be analysed in another office located in another place (country), by another design engineers. After that, maybe the FEM-analyses will take place in other office. This paper resume some considerations about modalities for CAD/FEM design and optimization improvements for the automotive and engine's mechanical structures in order to increase the designer work's efficiency and to allow a better structured way to get 3D parts.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20104011
Contributions concerning the optimization of the automotive and engine's mechanical structures in the today realities
Ionut Serban, Gheorghe Bobescu
ESCAD Salzburg; Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
Design for manufacturing and maintenance / Design optimization criteria
ABSTRACT:
The today's realities request increased adaptiveness qualities for all the surrounding technical matters. Starting with the mathematical optimization's solution as a theoretical basis and continuing with the CAD/FEM optimization's solutions, there are a wide field for researcher to search improvement modalities. The world is changed everyday and the mechanical engineering surrounding circumstances just as well are changing. It also not very incorrect to try to investigate how the realities around us influence the optimization of the automotive and engine's mechanical structures. Optimization is not only a matter of technical optimization itself, optimization mean today a very complex package composed from a wide variety of different factors from all our surrounding environment. Mechanical structures in the automotive and engines are influenced as well thru those factors, even if a superficial analysis will not be able to detect those interdependencies. It is just as well important to consider a mechanical structure of automotive and engines thru the CAD/FEM and mathematical optimization but also thru the other surrounding factors that have an important contribution to this. The paper resume the influences of the surrounding factors to the optimization of the automotive and engine's mechanical structures in the today's realities in order to establish an action-related dependence.
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CONAT20104014
ON THE INVESTIGATION OF THE STRUCTURE BORNE ROAD NOISE IN THE CAR USING THE PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS
Cristi Irimia , Mircea Niculescu, Mihail Grovu, Andi Percescu, Cristina Danasel, Herman Van der Auweraer
LMS ROMANIA
; LMS International
KEYWORDS:
structure borne noise, principal component analysis (PCA)
ABSTRACT:
The power train inputs and road inputs are the major contributors to the structure borne sound problem. This paper is focused to find out the principal components (virtual references) that contribute to the complex noise and vibration problems in order to reduce them. It follows the detection of the non-coherent steering wheel vibrations and the forces at the sub frame and steering system caused by the road load inputs in the time domain.
In the first step it defines the road noise frequency response functions set, that is coming from a test database. These FRFs are later used for calculating the response of the car body, subjected to the measured road loads (time). It follows the creation of the crosspower set. Crosspowers describe the spectral contents of the part of a response signal that is correlated to a reference signal, whereas principal components describe that relation between a response signal and a virtual reference signal.
In the next step it defines the road noise principal components. The PCA breaks down the non-coherent vibrations into coherent sets of vibrations and assigns the latter to so-called virtual sources that can be treated in a similar way to coherent sources. The road loads (Referenced Virtual Spectra) will be applied to the model and the response is calculated.
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CONAT20104015
ENGINE COMBUSTION MODELING FROM DESIGN TO CONTROL
Cristi Irimia, Mihail Grovu, Catalin Vasiliu
LMS Romania
; Politechnica University Bucharest
KEYWORDS:
combustion models, engine control facilities: SIL, HIL, MIL
ABSTRACT:
Internal combustion engines still have a potential for substantial improvements, particularly with regard to fuel efficiency and environmental compatibility. These goals can be achieved by investigating both combustion and control systems.
The LMS Imagine.Lab Internal Combustion Engine solutions help users to model and to design comprehensive engine systems from air management and combustion up to engine control by providing accurate physical engine models and components.
As a result, it offers a flexible environment for designing and optimizing ?virtual? engine and automotive subsystem concepts. Users have the ability to study couplings with fuel injection subsystems, vehicle thermal management, powertrain and any other components, and can adapt model definitions to a wide range of usage scenarios. Impact analyses of advanced technology choices can now be processed and analyzed on the spot.
This presentation will give an overview of the topics that can be investigated thanks to these solutions. as well as relevant example.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20104016
IMPROVING ENERGY CONSUMPTION THROUGH A FULL VEHICLE ENERGY MODELING APPROACH
Cristi Irimia, Mihail Grovu, Catalin Vasiliu
LMS Romania
; Politechnica University Bucharest
KEYWORDS:
fuel economy, energy management
ABSTRACT:
This paper will present how to test various scenarios for the optimization of fuel consumption quickly and cost-efficiently, without compromising other attributes such as passenger comfort.
A global approach to optimize energy flows comprises: optimization energy flows to minimize fuel consumption and emissions, investigations energy management strategies and architectures, components and systems specifications, integration and validation.
Multi-Physical System modeling approach, within the Imagine.Lab simulation environment, offers the possibility to simulate the full vehicle fuel economy. The paper will give the main objectives of the Multi-Physical System modeling methodology, the main steps to enable the simulation, customization possibilities.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20104017
Simulation of performance curves of starter
Csaba Blaga
University of Miskolc
KEYWORDS:
automotive electric and electronic systems, starter, performance curve, simulation
ABSTRACT:
This paper presents a simulation model of a starter and its performance curves. On the end of every manufacturing line of starters there is test stand that measure the performance curves of the starter. This gives important parameters in the validation process of starter. This curves are the following functions: torque, rpm, voltage, output power, input power, and efficiency versus current. An internal combustion engine can not start itself, so it needs an outer starting system. The torque to rotate the main shaft of the internal combustion engine is quit big and depends on many parameters, such as: engine cycle type: Otto or Diesel, volume of engine, number of cylinders, value of compression, type and quality of lubricant, temperature, etc. The battery gives DC voltage so the easiest solution is to choose a DC motor as starter. There are different kinds of DC motors. The series DC motor has the most convenient mechanical characteristic (rpm versus torque) to satisfy the needs of smooth starting process. Nowadays in the case of smaller internal combustion engine we can find permanent magnet DC motors, too. Moreover there are investigation to combine the starter and the generator. Couple of years ago it operated on the base of shunt DC motor - dynamo, but nowadays there is a high advance given by AC synchronous motors - generators. We can meet starter-generators built in the so called micro-hybrid vehicles which main function is the start-stop system. Interesting solution is given by ISAD (Integrated Starter Alternator Damper) system. It can be mentioned as new solutions the total elimination of the starter that can be done in the case of direct fuel stratified injection (FSI) engines.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20104019
Development and validation of a finite elements human head model for impact applications
Stefan Tabacu, Sorin Ilie, Nicolae-Doru Stanescu, Mariana Ivanescu
University of Pitesti
KEYWORDS:
human head, finite elements, model generation, validation, impact
ABSTRACT:
The head trauma is the main criteria used to evaluate the vehicle safety level. The criteria concern the brain injuries in case of exposure to high accelerations that are associated with impact events. In this paper we shall present a 3D model of the human head. First, the computational model of the head is built. The method used to generate the all hexahedral finite elements model of the structure consists in a number of procedures used for reading the geometrical model, definition of the intersection planes and intersection contours, definition of the contour grid based quadrilateral mesh, definition of the section mesh, definition of the hexahedral finite elements and export of the numerical model. These procedures were implemented in a custom written code using Matlab. The model that is prepared and used to study the brain motion during the impact. The input data are collected from impact simulations using full scale dummy models or multibody models. The results are compared and the performances of the multibody model evaluated.
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CONAT20104022
RESEARCHES CONCERNING THE INFLUENCE OF THE HIGH PRESSURE DIE CASTING PROCESS PARAMETERS TO THE STRUCTURAL RESISTANCE OF PINION HOUSINGS
Ferencz PETI, Lucian GRAMA, Inigo LOIZAGA, Attila PUSPOKI
CIEMATRICON S.A.; Petru Maior University of Targu-Mures; CIEAutomotive, Spain
KEYWORDS:
High pressure die casting, aluminium, pinion housing, porosity, mold
ABSTRACT:
This article describes the influence of the high pressure diecasting process parameters as the geometry of the ingate area, the alloy injection parameters to the structural resistance of pinion housings, which are part of the steering systems. The objective of this study is to ameliorate the health of the injected material in the mold, by reducing the gas and shrinkage porosities which are part of the high pressure diecasting process. The research is organised in two main steps: a preliminar one concerning the virtual simulation, and a second one which is related directly to the mold, whith the objective to correlate the virtual simulations with the results obtained with the mould.
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CONAT20104023
The modeling of a motor vehicle behaviour using specialized softwares
Liviu MIHON, Adriana TOKAR, Sorin RATIU, Lucian BREBU
Politechnic University, Timisoara; Politechnic University, Timisoara; Politechnic University, Timisoara; Politechnic University, Timisoara
KEYWORDS:
motor vehicle, internal combustion engine, powertrain, vehicle dynamics
ABSTRACT:
The paper presents the results of the modeling process of a motor vehicle in order to obtain appropriate parameters for controlling the propulsion system. Are offered advanced models of the assembly internal combustion engine-clutch-transmission-wheels using specialized softwares. For verifing the theory and equations of the models were used similar models and performance's values for a well known car. The internal combustion engines is an in-line, 4 cylinders engines, natural aspirated and fueled by conventional fuel. The clutch is a mechanical one and transmission consist of a five gear gearbox connected through differential with 2 front driving wheels. The models analyze the whole behaviour of the vehicle in different rolling conditions and the results offer exploitation parameters and optimization values for obtaining lower fuel's consumption and lower emissions. The software used for modeling and simulation belongs to AVL company.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20104024
A NEW TEST METHOD FOR STAINLESS STEELS USED IN AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST SYSTEMS
Cristina Hoffmann, Paul Guempel
University of Applied Sciences Konstanz; University of Applied Sciences Konstanz
KEYWORDS:
stainless steels, pitting corrosion, test methods, materials ranking
ABSTRACT:
The corrosion attack inside the wet section of the automotive exhaust systems is induced by acidic condensates and chlorides. The corrosion resistance of the different stainless steels in the wet corrosion loading was investigated in a lot different test procedures. A new test method was developed and leads to a new test specification which was recommended by German Association of the Automotive Industry (VDA), this test specification affords a basis for the investigation of the corrosion behavior of stainless steels for the automotive exhaust systems.This test method considers the wet-dry-alternation, the impact of the chloride ions in an acidic medium and the temperature stress inside the system. The influence of the soot particles is missing in this test standard. Furthermore in addition to the new test method electrochemically active carbon was added inside the system. By adding active carbon the impact of the soot particles on the corrosion attack is simulated. The results of the tests show that active carbon has a significant influence on the corrosion attack. This circumstance should be considered in the future test methods for stainless steels used in the automotive exhaust systems.
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CONAT20104025
IMPACT STUDY OF THE DOUBLE-SEATED SLED ASSEMBLY PROTOTYPE
Marius Negru, Milan-Stefan Novak, Ioana Tircomnicu
INAS SA; TAKATA-PETRI ROMANIA SRL
KEYWORDS:
Finite element method, sled virtual prototype, crash/impact simulation, Automotive stardards
ABSTRACT:
The new double seated sled assembly is designed to be used for dynamic tests (crash/impact test) according to ECE R16 regulation (Safety of belts and restraint systems). The objective of this study is to perform a numerical simulation (using the Finite Element Method) of the impact study of this sled design, to verify the integrity of the sled structure during and after frontal impact.
The sled pulse (sled deceleration curve as a function of time) was provided by Takata-Petri SRL and applied on the frontal profile of the sled. The Finite element model of the sled assembly include also the dummy, in the seating position. An initial velocity of 50 km/h was assumed for this study.
During the impact simulation of the sled, equivalent (Von Mises) stresses in the sled structure (longitudinal and transversal profiles) were captured and used to evaluate the strenght of the structure at impact forces. This study concluded that the new sled design will sustain the impact loads.
Based on the results obtained on the virtual prototype, the double seated sled assembly was created and tests were performed. The tests show that the sled is functional.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20104026
STUDY ON STRATEGY FOR REMOVING ALL THE UNWANTED FREQUENCIES PROVIDED BY KNOCK SENSOR COEFFICIENT
Marian Brabete, George Gherghina
RTR; University of Craiova
KEYWORDS:
Tuning, strategy, simplification, knocking, automotive
ABSTRACT:
The most common device used for detonation detection is a piezoelectric transducer. Vibrations from the engine cause the seismic mass to compress the crystal and therefore produce a voltage signal proportional to the changing force. The sensor will detect all engine vibrations, so after amplification, the signal is filtered to remove all the unwanted frequencies, leaving only those that are produced by detonation or knocking.
The knock sensor is used by the module control to monitor engine detonation or spark knock. The control module uses information from the knock sensor to adjust ignition timing, to decrease detonation in the engine.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20104028
On the non-linear vibrations of the automobiles
Nicolae-Doru Stanescu, Stefan Tabacu, Sorin ILIE
University of Pitesti
KEYWORDS:
normal form, non-linear equations, stability, cubic non-linearity, multi degrees of freedom
ABSTRACT:
The paper presents a non-linear model for the study of an automobile's vibrations. The model has two degrees of freedom and it is highly non-linear. The equations of motion are obtained using the Lagrange second order equations. Using a method developed by the first author, we obtained the canonical equations of motion, the simplest possible equations. This method is based on the normal forms of the vector fields and it is presented here in the most general case. We also developed the analytical approximation of the solution, and we studied the resonant case. We determined the equilibrium positions. We proved the necessary and sufficient conditions for the uniqueness of the equilibrium. In our paper we studied the stability of the equilibrium and the stability of the motion. Finally a complete solved numerical application is presented.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20104029
A 3D SEMI-EMPIRICAL STOCHASTIC TIRE MODEL MODEL ON HARD FLAT AND UNEVEN SURFACES
Anake Umsrithong, Corina Sandu
Virginia Politechnic Institute and State University
KEYWORDS:
transient tire model, stochastic tire parameters, flexible ring model, uneven surface, contact pressure distribution
ABSTRACT:
To predict the dynamics of a vehicle for handling and ride comfort, we need the accurate tire model since almost all forces and moments acting on the vehicle are generated at the tire contact patch and transmitted thru the tire structure. The forces and moments in the contact patch must be accurately computed. A three-dimensional semi-empirical transient tire model was previously developed at the Advanced Vehicle Dynamics Lab (AVDL) at Virginia Tech, and extended the capabilities of a previously in-house steady-state tire model. In this paper, a three-dimensional semi-empirical stochastic transient tire model on hard flat and uneven surface is presented.
The tire structure is modeled by an elastic ring supported on a spring and damper system. The elastic ring represents the belt ring and the spring and damper system represents the sidewall and the tread element. The analysis of the deformation of the tire structure is performed on both flat and uneven surfaces to obtain the geometry of the contact patch and the normal pressure distribution. The forces and the moments are formulated using empirical data and based on theoretical mechanics.
For a more realistic approach, selected tire parameters are considered uncertain and treated in a stochastic framework using a polynomial chaos theory. Illustrative simulations were performed for both handling and ride studies: a driving/braking maneuver, a lane changing maneuver, and tire rolling over an uneven surface. Both deterministic and stochastic simulation results are shown and compared with the steady-state tire model results and validated based on available data from the literature.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20104030
Coast-down test - theoretical and experimental approach
Ion PREDA, Dinu COVACIU, Gheorghe CIOLAN
Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
vehicle dynamics, coast-down test, aerodynamic drag, rolling resistance, experiment, data smoothing
ABSTRACT:
The paper presents considerations about the utility, suitability and limits of the coast-down experimental test in the automotive research. That test consists in launching of a motor vehicle from a certain speed with the engine disengaged and ascertaining of the current speed and distance covered during the free rolling, till stop.
First it is indicated a modality to determine by computation the vehicle kinematics. There are presented the vehicle resistances, the assumptions and the values influencing the analyzed process. Then there are established the mathematical equations necessary to ascertain the speed and distance during cost-down. Through the analysis of the influences of different factors it can be determined the necessary precision of measurements, so that the results of the test might be conclusive.
Reciprocally, when experimental data exists, mathematical methods based on regression are presented to estimate the vehicle movement resistances.
In the paper are presented data obtained using coast-down method with different test vehicles and in various road conditions. The results include estimated values for the rolling resistance coefficient and aerodynamic drag coefficient. New ideas for additional valorization of the method are also indicated.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20104031
MECHATRONIC SYSTEMS: AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS AND MODERN DESIGN METHODOLOGIES IN UNIVERSITIES
George GHERGHINA, DRAGOS TUTUNEA, DRAGOS POPA
University of Craiova
KEYWORDS:
Mechatronic systems, Automotive mechatronics, Technological trend, Design methodology, Educational aspects design method
ABSTRACT:
Mechatronics is a multidisciplinary field, which offers low cost system solutions based on the principle of homogenizing system components and consequently to eliminate at least one material component or packaging level from the system. In mechatronics the synergetic integration of different engineering domains can create new products and stimulate innovative solutions. Mechatronic systems are used in different fields of application, e.g. industrial goods, consumer products and automotive equipment. Special attention is devoted to the rapidly growing importance of electronics and software. Modern methodologies for interdisciplinary, model-based design of mechatronic systems are presented; the benefits of these new methods are described. Currently, there is no doubt about the importance of the mechatronics as an area in science and technology. In this paper, a review of mechatronics is presented with emphasis on the desired qualities of university graduates as viewed by industry. Over the decades, academics and universities have diversified their curriculums to skill students well in their specialized fields. Current programs in electrical and mechanical engineering have many subfields of specializations. Characteristic of this are the current curricula for the study of mechanical and electrical engineering. Such specialization is reflected in the work methodologies of many projects where the planning and design focuses strictly on defined areas of specialization, not over the system as a whole. As a result, graduates, starting in industry turn out to be trained with high level of team working skills needed in interdisciplinary engineering projects. Faculty of Mechanics of the University of Craiova has developed a new course of Mechatronics for the students of the specialization Road Vehicles.
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CONAT20104034
ICE Model used in an Indoor Testing Bench for Hybrid Structures
Dorin Lucache, Vasile Horga, Ioan Damian, Mihai Albu, Marcel Ratoi
Technical University, Iasi
KEYWORDS:
ICE model, starter-generator, test facility
ABSTRACT:
The advent of higher voltages in automobiles constitutes an opportunity for new electrical features and systems. A combined starter-generator is one of them, because provides greater electrical generation capacity and improves the fuel economy and emissions.
To evaluate the behavior of new functional and control structures for integrated starter-generators, commonly is useful to have a performing indoor test facility in that the internal combustion engine (ICE) is replaced by an electrical motor. The paper describes the automotive engine simulator and show how the testing facility was used to appreciate the behavior of the control structure of an indirect field-oriented induction machine dedicated to act as integrated starter-generator.
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CONAT20104036
Studies and researches of the influence parameters on the performance of the engine using ALV BOOST
Dan Moldovanu, Nicolae BURNETE, Doru BALDEAN, Levente KOCSIS
Technical University of Cluj-Napoca
KEYWORDS:
Simulation, AVL BOOST, performance parameters
ABSTRACT:
The paper studies the parameters that can influence the performance of the engine using AVL BOOST software. In our days simulating the processes that occur in an engine is much easier due to the advanced technology and the various parameters that can be simulated. Simulating the processes is important because preliminary results can be obtained easily, and modifications to the prototype can be made without rebuilding the engine. After all simulations are optimized, the physical building of the engine may begin. The major objective of the simulation is to reduce the fuel consumption and the environmental pollution. Environmental pollution is a capital factor for existence quality and the human life and prosper depends on the environment condition.
AVL BOOST is an advanced and fully integrated "Virtual Engine Simulation Tool" with advanced models for accurately predicting engine performance, acoustics and the effectiveness of exhaust gas after treatment devices.
It supports engine development such that for a given vehicle concept, the required torque and power can be delivered in combination with optimized emissions, fuel consumption and passenger comfort (acoustics and transient behavior).
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List of abstracts
CONAT20104038
Generalized Model of the Pressure Evolution Within the Braking System of a Vehicle
Marin MARINESCU, Radu VILAU, Ion LESPEZEANU
Military Technical Academy
KEYWORDS:
Brake system, testing, model, pressure
ABSTRACT:
There are lots of methods to issue mathematical models that can cover better or worse the real life phenomenon. Most of the mathematical models are using parameters that are rather estimated than real. Hence, a higher or a lower degree of accuracy can be expected. Since most of the input variables are estimated, low accuracy level is usually achieved. In this respect, the authors of this paper tried to offer an alternative model of a real-life mechanical amount simulation. This model starts over a larger amount of tests, where one could get a database, large enough to backup the further behavior of the system. In this respect, we have measured the pressure variation of the brake cylinders of a vehicle, as a function of the input pressure developed by the servomechanism of the system. Based on this large amount of data, we used a parametric mathematical model based on polynomial methods to estimate the generalized model. We can strongly confirm that the model is suitable - within a reasonable error margin - for all the braking systems of that specific kind of vehicles.
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CONAT20104039
CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING THE STUDY OF THE DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF VEHICLE BRAKING SYSTEMS
Radu VILAU, Valentin VINTURIS, Marin MARINESCU, Dragos COSTACHE
Military Technical Academy
KEYWORDS:
braking system, performances, mathematical model, experimental model, testing
ABSTRACT:
The paper approached aspects concerning an analysis methodology of the dynamic performances of the braking system. The study was focused on the military vehicles particular pneumatic-hydraulic braking system solution, while modeling and simulation procedures were used to identify de improvement possibilities of the performance characteristic features. Using numerical simulations the time responses of the braking system as a whole were obtained. The analysis of the simulation results versus the experimental ones shows a very good correlation between the results, which validates both the proposed models and the achieved experimental data. The errors that have been determined along the triple validation procedure show the fidelity of the mathematical models that feature the braking system within a wide range of working situations.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20104040
Active/passive answers developed in human subject hands during automotive driving
Mihaela Baritz
Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
human behaviour, automotive driving, hands movements
ABSTRACT:
Some theoretical and practical aspects connected to the implementation of a computerized technique designed for the analysis of the human factor behavioral performances during driving are presented in this paper.
In the first part of the paper we presented the main aspects related to the study principles of the driving activities, creating the conditions of an ergonomic space and the human factor limits of hands established by anthropometrical databases.
In the second part of the paper we presented the measuring system and the equipment used to evaluate the human hands movements limits, also the solutions tried for obtaining dynamic responses from the subjects in order to perform recordings.
In the final part we presented the results and conclusions about evolutions of active vs. passive answers developed in human hands and also the influences of different environmental and anthropometrical conditions on hands movements' performances.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20104041
Pedestrian biomechanical behavior under influences of visual and audio stimulus
Mihaela Baritz, Diana Cotoros, Ioan Balcu, Ana-Viorela Todor
Transilvania University of Brasov; Transilvania University of Brasov; Transilvania University of Brasov; Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
pedestrian behavior, visual/audio stimulus, biomechanics
ABSTRACT:
In this paper we aim at presenting a range of analyzes related to the biomechanical study of the human body stability, equilibrium and locomotion in normal conditions (pedestrian) but under influences of different audio and/or visual stimulus from internal and/or external sources of automotive.
Thus, in the first part of the paper the theoretical aspects of the human body behaviour from the point of view of the internal and external forces actions are approached and also the initial study conditions are established.
In the second part of the paper we present the experimental considerations concerning the data acquisition methodology and the experimental setup is described.
In the final part we analyze, from the point of view of the subjects sample, the results and conclusions of the data recorded during the experiments in purpose to present and understand the influences of visual and/or audio stimulus on pedestrian behaviour.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20104042
VIRTUAL PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT PROCESS FOR ROBUST COMPONENTS AND SYSTEMS
Christoph Brands
Schaeffler Technologies GmbH &Co. KG
KEYWORDS:
Technical Calculation, Simulation, Finite-Element Analysis, Multibody System, Product Development Process
ABSTRACT:
In recent years the development cycle for combustion engines has been considerably shortened and the trend continues. This represents a great challenge for all parties participating in the product development process, especially for suppliers who tend to be involved rather late.
Beside reducing development cycles, other challenges need to be managed.
On the one hand, new functions and variabilities for current developments of combustion processes and hybridization (e.g. for stop-start) need to be provided, which requires new simulation models to verify desired functions. To understand the effect of these new functions on the components and the interaction between the subsystems the entire system should be taken into consideration in order to find the optimal solution.
On the other hand the load on components and systems, caused by downsizing and down-speeding, increases and raise the question if additional components (e.g. decoupler) are necessary to reduce e.g. rotational vibrations. To define a robust design, implementing only strictly necessary components, an assured FEA method to determine the fatigue safety factor and the fatigue limit respectively is required.
In order to keep up with these technical challenges validated development tools, embedded in a supportive product development process, are required. Furthermore, the time and cost intensive iterations between the design of a prototype and testing phases should be reduced to a minimum. Ideally, in order to comply with reduced development cycles, tests should be reduced to a single and final validation test.
The presentation illustrates the demands on development and use of virtual models for calculation and simulation during the different phases of the product development process, giving a few selective examples.
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CONAT20104044
Influence of the engine oil condition on valve train wear
Klaus Feldner, Christian Degenhardt
Schaeffler Technologies GmbH & Co. KG
KEYWORDS:
additives, soot, hydraulic lash adjusters, RNT method
ABSTRACT:
Influences on wear within hydraulic lash adjusters for valve trains were investigated by using the RNT-method. The tests were carried out with a motored cylinder head. The test program was divided in two main sections in order to investigate two probable main influences separately. In section 1, the relative movement between the contact partners hydraulic piston and housing was varied by using different oil viscosities, oil temperatures, engine speeds and also by an additional thinning of the oil with fuel. In section 2, the wear protection ability of the oil was changed by using oil without anti-wear additives, by adding different kinds of soot to the oil and by running the cylinder head with aged oil from Diesel and gasoline engines. By analyzing returned parts from OEMs, a critical wear rate was defined at which for longer running times a critical wear amount with regard to the function of the valve train had to be expected.
As long as fresh oil was used, no influence of the relative movement between the two contact partners on the wear rate was detected. So fuel thinning is not the main influence for wear in this area.
Despite the same oil grade and a comparable driving profile, the usage of aged oil from Diesel engines shows much higher wear rates then the usage of used oil from DI gasoline engines, though the content of Diesel soot was on a very low level and all other engine oil characteristics were well within the limit values.
The usage of oil without AW-additives exhibits higher wear rates then the usage of fresh oil, but they were significantly lower then those with aged Diesel oil. So here, the influence of Diesel soot can not be a negative influence on the effectiveness of oil additives exclusively.
The absolute highest wear rates was achieved by adding 1% synthetic soot ("carbon black") to fresh oil. So also the kind of soot molecule has a significant effect on the wear behavior of the investigated components.
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CONAT20104045
USAGE OF THE EMPIRIC MODELS FOR COMPARATIVE ASSESMENT OF THE VEHICLES MOBILITY
Marian OANA, Ticusor CIOBOTARU
Ministry of National Defense; Military Technical Academy
ABSTRACT:
The mobility of military vehicles represents a first condition in operation planning. Consequently, the assessment of the vehicles mobility may support the decision regarding the appropriate type of the vehicle in terms of running gear. The ability to reach the desired area in war theatre represents the most important condition for a successful accomplishment of the mission for military vehicles. Meanwhile, the modern warfare put a large variety of terrains in front of decisions makers. These terrains differ by geometry and the soil characteristics. The extremely large variation of the soil characteristics has fueled the emergence of empirical models for the calculation of the mobility characteristics.
NATO References Mobility Model (NRMM) is based on empirical relationship between the terrain characteristics, running conditions and vehicles design. The paper presents the overall structure of NRMM, and the results of simulation for mobility assessment adopting a given running scenario.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20104046
EXPERIMENTAL PERFORMANCE OF AN AUTOMOTIVE HEAT PUMP SYSTEM FOR VARIOUS HEAT SOURCES
Murat Hosoz, Mehmet Direk, Ali Turkcan, Ertan Alptekin, Ali Sanli, K.Suleyman Yigit, Mustafa Canakci, A.Feridun Ozguc
Kocaeli University
KEYWORDS:
Automotive heat pump, Air conditioning, Refrigeration, Diesel engine
ABSTRACT:
This study deals with a comparative experimental performance of an R134a automotive heat pump (AHP) system driven by a diesel engine and capable of using ambient air, exhaust gas and engine coolant as a heat source. For this aim, an experimental AHP system from the original components of an automobile air conditioning system was set up, and equipped with instruments for various mechanical measurements. The experimental system was operated in a broad range of engine speeds until the steady-state was achieved. Then, its performance at the end of five-minute operation period and its steady-state performance were determined, and presented in comparative graphics. It is revealed that the AHP system using engine coolant as a heat source has a superior fifth-minute performance over the AHP systems using other heat sources and over the coolant-based heating system. Although the AHP systems using exhaust gas and ambient air yield a better fifth-minute performance than the coolant-based heating system, all AHP systems perform poorer than this system after the steady state is achieved.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20104047
SOME ASPECTS REGARDING THE NAVAL DIESEL ENGINES OPERATION
Alexandru Dragalina, Traian FLOREA, Anastase PRUIU, Nicu OLARU, Adrian TRIFAN
Mircea cel Batran Naval Academy
; Military Technical Academy, Bucharest
KEYWORDS:
engine, diesel, naval, propulsion, running
ABSTRACT:
In this paper are presented some results of experimental determinations aimed at ensuring of a high uniformity in the naval propulsion engines running. The results were obtained in real operating conditions on board "Histria Diamond" and made part of a wider program of research aimed to establish which particular use of heavy residual fuel in marine diesel engine operation.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20104048
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCHES REGARDING THE NAVAL DIESEL ENGINES RUNNING
Alexandru Dragalina, Traian FLOREA, Anastase PRUIU, Nicu OLARU, Adrian TRIFAN
Mircea cel Batran Naval Academy
; Military Technical Academy, Bucharest
KEYWORDS:
engine, diesel, naval, propulsion, running
ABSTRACT:
This paper presents the results of some tests of functional parameters of a naval propulsion engine. The checks were necessary to determine the accuracy of performance on board maintenance, including adjustment of the injection advance angles and cleaning of the exhaust gas spaces.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20104049
STUDY ON THE CONSTRUCTIVE OPTIMIZATION OF THE CAR RIM
Ionel Vieru, Eugen-Viorel NICOLAE, Elena NEAGU, Gheorghe PETRACHE
University of Pitesti
; Renault Technologie Roumanie
KEYWORDS:
rim, optimization, FEM, CAD, CAE
ABSTRACT:
This paper presents the results obtained on the study of the strains and stresses of a car rim made of light alloy. The calculation method used was the FEM (Finite Element Method) and the application software used was CATIA V5.
The loads were determined by vehicle dynamics analysis and the calculation was carried out on the bench shown in Figure 1.
Materialization of the Q point (see Fig. 1) of the forces origin was made in the calculation using the specific stiffness elements of type RBE2.
The study aims to implement a calculation methodology in order to optimize the construction of these types of parts, in similar circumstances to bench tests. Thus was realized the way to maintain a direct link between CAD model and the FEM model, which allows to study the influence of a change of a geometrical parameter of the part on the rim behavior during running.
The results of this study allow to validate the design of the new models of car wheels in a short time, facilitating the market introduction of new models and provides to OEM the opportunity to check the suppliers results.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20104051
Assessment of Ride Quality of Two and Three-Axles Off-Road Vehicles with Active Suspension Using Half-Car Models
Faried Hasbullah, Waleed Faris
International Islamic University Malaysia
KEYWORDS:
Active Suspension
ABSTRACT:
Vehicles that are capable of driving on and off paved or gravel surface are referred to as off-road vehicles. In general, these vehicles are characterized by having large tyres with deep, open treads and a flexible suspension, or even caterpillar tracks. Other types of vehicles that do not travel on public streets or highways are generally referred to as off-highway vehicles, which would include cranes, tractors, bulldozers, backhoes and forklifts (Faris et al, 2009a; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-road_vehicle).
Unlike a road vehicle, an off-road vehicle is subjected to ride vibrations of low frequency and large amplitude, which cause bodily discomfort to the operator, and limit the mobility and performance of the vehicle (Srivinasa et al., 2003). Generally, the speed of off-road vehicles over rough terrain is determined by the ride quality not by the engine power. For this reason, researches are currently being undertaken to improve the ride dynamics of these vehicles using an advanced suspension system.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20104052
TESTING PROCEDURE FOR AUTOMOTIVE HYDRAULIC CYLINDERS
Nicolae Sarbu, Vasile Gheorghe, Venetia Sandu, Costel Bejan
INAR Brasov
; Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
hydraulic cylinder, double acting, automotive use, testing procedure
ABSTRACT:
The paper deals with aspects regarding hydraulic cylinder testing. For a double acting hydraulic cylinder a test procedure is defined and performed at Road Vehicle Institute considering international and Romanian standard demands and manufacturer specific requirements. Test bench is illustrated and functional tests are detailed and commented.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20104053
THERMAL ADJUSTMENT OF COOLING SYSTEMS IN COMMERCIAL DIESEL ENGINES
Venetia Sandu
TRANSILVANIA University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
diesel engine, heat release, cooling systems, radiators, axial fans
ABSTRACT:
The paper deals with aspects regarding the match between main components of the diesel engine cooling system ( water pump, ventilator and radiator ) in order to provide efficient engine heat release and energy saving. For a heavy duty 797-05 diesel engine manufactured at ROMAN Truck factory there were performed an investigation of the heat exchange based on real measurements on test bench taking into account individual characteristics of cooling parts. The purpose of the investigation is to compare heat release potential of the engine in several versions of selection radiators and fans. The paper also identifies the steps in the thermodynamical match of the cooling system parts in order to generate a evaluation methodology of engine thermal load.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20104054
PROPERTIES OF A SYMMETRICAL MECHANICAL SYSTEM USED TO THE VIBRATIONS STUDY OF A TRUCK WITH TWO IDENTICAL ENGINES
Sorin Vlase, Anghel Chiru, Carol Ambrus
TRANSILVANIA University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
Vibrations, Multibody Systems, Symmetries
ABSTRACT:
Many technical systems used in the engineering activity show technological and structural symmetries. The symmetry of a multibody system offer the possibility to simplify the calculus of such system. In some applications, particularly in the field of robotics and high-speed vehicles, it is interesting to use these properties in order to obtain relations more suitable.
In the case when we have a multibody system with some symmetry it is possible to find a set of equations containing less parameter. In the paper we consider a truck with two identical engines. In this case if we write the motion equations we can find some important properties that can simplify the calculus and the analysis. These properties offer solutions to reduce the dimensions of the analyzed problem.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20104055
NEW TOOL TO ASSIST THE STYLING DESIGN OF A NEW CAR
Viorel SISMAN
TRANSILVANIA University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
car styling, cockpit evaluation, CAD, software, urban car concept
ABSTRACT:
One of the most important steps in the body design process consists in choosing the style of the new car. This can be achieved by presenting different new concept vehicles to the customers during some "clinical tests". The results are extremely useful if they are correct interpreted and if the new car concepts already take into account the technical and human constraints. This is the reason for making a simple and fast ergonomic evaluation of the cockpit for each alternative of a new body design proposed by the stylist. Starting from the wide diversity of human dimensions we propose a new algorithm for the research of the cockpit architecture using a 2D virtual anthropometrical model with variable dimensions. The concept is transposed in a new CAD software for the cockpit architecture research.
The paper presents the CAD algorithm for the cockpit architecture research and the corresponding software automation tool developed using the AutoLISP language, which runs under the AutoCAD system. It is also presented an original concept car for urban traffic with an unconventional driving position on which it can be made the cockpit evaluation with the proposed CAD tool.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20104056
RESERCHES CONCERNING THE BRAKING FORCE UNBALANCE OF TOYOTA AVENSIS ON THE TEST BED
Mihai-Aurel Crisan, Cristina-Andreea Marc, Doru Baldean, Emilian Borza
RAR; Technical University of Cluj-Napoca
KEYWORDS:
wheels, brake system, hand brake, automotive safety
ABSTRACT:
Studying the behavior of braking equipment and behavior involves a lot of technical responsibility and intellectual effort, because the system in question affects significantly the road traffic safety. A motor vehicle will be of no harm if the engine won't work too much, but if some malfunction appears at the braking system some fatalities may occur. As a consequence, the individuals, institutions and administrations all over the world took particular measures concerning braking system in order to improve traffic safety. Toyota had problems with many car with some parts of the acceleration equipment lately, and as a consequence this paper concentrates its efforts to study the braking capacities of a particular model. A Toyota Avensis is brought in for the research development, and the brakes were fine.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20104057
CORRELATION CAR BODY-ANTENNA, FOR GOOD RECEPTION IN COMMUNICATIONS AND ENTERTAINMENT
Valeriu Enache
Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
car antenna, corelation antenna, car body
ABSTRACT:
The new cars are equipped with the most modern communication systems. The implementation of communication systems are positive consequences in safety, comfort and entertainment. A good reception on the car is influenced by a lot of parameters, but the antenna is the first element. Using an antenna on the roof of car body or on other places of the body, is a complex and interactive process of designing, adapting and measuring the performances. Finding optimal positions is a reiterating process based on simulating methods and measurements. This study presents the simulation process for the assembly: metallic car body – integrated antenna, using mathematic methods.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20104058
KINEMATICS RELATIONS USED IN MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF AUTOMOTIVE MOVEMENT
Loreta Simniceanu, Dumitru Neagoe, Victor Otat, Mario Trotea
University of Craiova
KEYWORDS:
automotive, mathematical model, movement, kinematic relations
ABSTRACT:
In the studies of vehicle dynamics have been continuous attempts to obtain an analytical model of their movement, this movement pattern is required for analysis of vehicles movement. For mathematical model's construction, the kinematic and dinamic relations are necessary. This paper contains a set of kinematics relations that can be used in the mathematical model's content for a car's movement simulation. This model can be a more simplified or more complex model, as we want a better aproximation of real situation.
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CONAT20104059
THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON THE TORQUE VARIATION OF THE BODY PASSING THROUGH LANDMARKS
Dumitru Neagoe, Dumitru Bolcu, Loreta Simniceanu, Mario Trotea
University of Craiova
KEYWORDS:
body, torque,variation, landmarks passing
ABSTRACT:
This paper presents analytical expressions of the vertical reactions of the car wheels. These mathematical expressions take into account the inertia forces which are expressed by two main components of acceleration of the reference system chosen. The vertical reactions of the wheels and the torque acting on the body are determined by analytical and experimental methods in case of movement among the landmarks when the vehicle speed is 25 km/h. Theoretical results are compared with data obtained from experimental tests. Approximation values of the two data sets validates the theoretical model adopted.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20104060
STUDIES CONCERNING EXHAUST GASES DYNAMICS FOR AN IC ENGINE THROUGH SIMULATION
Doru Baldean, Nicolae Burnete, Nicolae Filip
Technical University of Cluj-Napoca
KEYWORDS:
exhaust, gases, internal combustion engine, pressure, heat
ABSTRACT:
Internal combustion engines are still pollutant despite all the engineering efforts developed in order to reduce their emissions. Considering this matter we take the responsibility to further research their specific behavior, and the dynamics of the gases in the intake/exhaust manifold and pipes. Their trajectory, temperature and pressure have a significant influence upon the flow dynamic, and also upon the dissipated amount of energy. The intrinsic residual energy of the exhaust gas flow could be used to move a turbine or to trigger a sonic device in order to regain a part of it. Using simulation software there can be studied the flow dynamics, specifically the pressure and the temperature of gases, those parameters that are directly responsible for turbine, EGR and other systems optimal operation. The simulated values will be compared with actual measured values in operation. The most important parameter is the gases' pressure that is affected by their temperature and volume.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20104061
THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH REGARDING THE BRAKING PERFORMANCES OF THE PASSENGER CARS, IN CONCORDANCE WITH THE IMPROVEMENT OF ACTIVE SAFETY AND THE REDUCTION OF ACCIDENTS WITH SEVERE CONSEQUENCES
Horia Beles, Alexandru Rus, Felician Ardelean, Virgil Popa
University of Oradea
; Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
active safety, ABS, vehicle dynamics, Matlab-Simulink, model, simulation
ABSTRACT:
In this study were developed theoretical and experimental researches regarding the braking performances of passenger cars on roads with different adherence coefficients, in concordance with the improvement of active safety and the reduction of accidents with severe consequences. In order to validate the ABS/ASR system working algorithm and to accentuate the influences over the braking/starting processes with and without ABS respectively ASR, a plane dynamic model was done for a single wheel of the passenger car. This simplified model of the passenger car has two inertial elements: a wheel and a mass in translational movement (the vehicle). In order to confirm the theoretical results obtained some experimental tests were realized.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20104062
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF TRUCK TYRE MODAL BEHAVIOUR
Raluca Moisescu, Gabriel Anghelache
POLITEHNICA University of Bucharest
KEYWORDS:
finite element, truck tyre, motor vehicle, natural frequencies, modal shapes
ABSTRACT:
The investigation of tyre modal behaviour is important for vehicle comfort, road damage, tyre wear, and standing waves. The current paper presents finite element models of radial 9.00R20 and bias 9.00-20 truck tyres developed using ABAQUS software for study of tyre modal behaviour. The real structure of tyres was modelled, taking into account different components of tyres: rubber, steel and cord reinforcements. The models include only circumferential grooves in the tread. Finite element analyses provided natural frequencies and modal shapes of the tyre in contact with the road. The paper analyses only the radial natural frequencies and associated modal shapes.
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CONAT20104063
DETERMINATION OF CONTACT FORCE OF A SPUR GEAR ASSEMBLY BY FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
Ovidiu-Cosmin Simionescu, Stefan-Cristian Castravete, Dan-Nicolaie Soca, Eduard-Ionut Sava, Mihai Iutanim
Caelynx Europe, Romania
KEYWORDS:
Contact force, finite element method, spur gears, transmission, friction
ABSTRACT:
Finite Element Method (FEM) is a powerfull tool that is widely used in industry, and in particular automorive industry. In this paper the FEM has been used to predict the contact force which appear in a spur gear system which might be used as an intermediate step on a commercial vehicle transmission system. Surface-to-surface contact with friction added was used as a contact approach. The results obtained here are confirmed by experimental results.
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CONAT20104064
BRIEF ANALYSIS ON REAR MOTORBIKE SUSPENSION MECHANISM
Viorel Mateescu, Marin Neacsa, Liviu Georgescu, Viorel Dragan
POLITEHNICA University of Bucharest
KEYWORDS:
suspension mechanism, structural analysis, transmission ratio,motorbike, spring-bumper
ABSTRACT:
Rear wheel suspension which is also driving, significantly influences motorbike dynamic performances. Rear mechanism design largely evolved in the latest years, especially by interposing a mechanism, named suspension mechanism between the wheel oscillating arm and spring-bumping block That influences the kinetic transmission ratio and the transmission ratio of forces between rear wheel and the spring-bumping block of the main suspension. The paper defines these elements, it makes the structural and kinetic analysis of the representative suspension mechanisms and it outlines the influence of the design of these mechanisms on the main suspension.
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CONAT20104065
ON THE MOBILITY OF MECHANISMS CONSIDERING THE STATE OF JOINTS, WITH APPLICATION FOR VEHICLE
George Dobre, Viorel Mateescu, Marin Neacsa, Mihai Tica
POLITEHNICA University of Bucharest
KEYWORDS:
mechanism, mobility, joint, car, axle
ABSTRACT:
The paper approaches an interesting aspect: the consideration of the states of the joints in the calculation of the mechanism mobility. This aspect appears in the operation of mechanisms modifying the meaning of the classical calculation of their mobility. After an introduction revealing the subject and the content of the paper, some classical expressions of the mechanism mobility calculation are discussed. After this, the paper proposes expressions to calculate the mechanism mobility considering the influence of special factors changing the state of the mechanism joints. The proposed expression is applied in the particular case of vehicle (bicycle) mechanism. Final conclusions point out the main aspects treated and results.
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CONAT20104066
ON THE MULTILINK MECHANISMS DERIVED FROM THE DOUBLE WISHBONE AXLE
Viorel Mateescu, George Dobre, Mihai Tica
POLITEHNICA University of Bucharest
KEYWORDS:
mechanism, multilink, wishbone, virtual wheel joint, virtual steering axis
ABSTRACT:
The paper approached an interesting aspect: an overview on the constructive solutions of multilink axles for cars getting from the division of the arms of the double wishbone axle. The reason of approach is the clear determined advantages: mainly the derived axles from double wishbone axle are rigorous designed as shape and disposition leading thus to increasing the dynamic performances of the cars. The paper shows the solutions of double wishbone axles discussed synthetically. After this the some mechanisms with virtual wheel joints and virtual steering axis are detailed, emphasizing their advantages. Also other multilink axles deriving from classical double wishbone axle are presented noting a main advantage: the taking over of the reaction forces and their moments. Finally specific conclusions reveal the main approaches and results of the paper.
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CONAT20105001
Test bench evaluation of heavy vehicle supplementary brake systems
Venetia Sandu, Carmen Papadopol, Petre Raducanu, Dorel Turcu, Costel BEJAN
Transylvania University of Brasov; POLITEHNICA University of Bucharest
; INAR Brasov
KEYWORDS:
vehicle brake systems, bleeding brake, exhaust brake
ABSTRACT:
For heavy vehicles the conventional braking systems are friction type which may fade when used intensively, so most of vehicles are fitted with a supplementary non-friction braking system such as bleeder brake and exhaust brake, raising the exhaust gas pressure in the system and forcing the engine to work against a higher pressure, increasing the retarding the vehicle.
The paper is based on an experimental method regarding the determination of a diesel engine power loss using the motoring method in order to simulate the brake system efficiency . For the heavy duty commercial diesel engine, 1035-L6-DTI, manufactured at Roman Truck Company there were performed specific power loss tests on the engine dynamometric test-bench, changing the braking systems (bleeder engine brake and exhaust brake, individually and combined).
There were determined the following engine characteristics:
- Speed characteristics at total load
- Power loss with normal exhaust flow and open exhaust flow with normal exhaust valve clearance and with permanent valve clearance of 0.3 mm
- Power loss with closed exhaust flow with normal exhaust valve clearance
- Power loss with closed exhaust flow with permanent exhaust valve clearance of 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 mm;
As main conclusions of the paper are the following:
- The introduction of exhaust brake is a very effective braking method as the power loss with closed valve is in average 120% higher than power loss with open valve in the same condition of normal operation (normal exhaust valve clearances).
- The introducing of bleeding brake by increasing the normal exhaust valve clearance to a higher, permanent value increased the power loss with an average of 10% because of increased negative work on the indicated diagram as the system is not isolated and the pressure in combustion chamber is lower.
- The combination of bleeding brake and exhaust brake is not recommended as power loss decreases in comparison with power loss with exhaust brake. The decrease of power is higher as clearance increases.
- The authors consider that the research work has important tehnical contributions to vehicle safety concerning the efficiency of braking systems applied to engines, bringing experimental results in the literature regarding the study of bleeder and exhaust brake systems.
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CONAT20105002
ACCELERATION PROCESS OF THE TRACKED VEHICLE WITH HYDRODINAMIC TRANSMISSION
Ticusor Ciobotaru, Valentin VINTURIS, Marian OANA
Military Technical Academy
KEYWORDS:
mobility, acceleration, tracked vehicle, hydrodynamic transmission
ABSTRACT:
The paper focuses on the acceleration process of the tracked vehicles which incorporate a Diesel engine, torque converter, planetary gear box and a tracked running gear.
The estimation of the vehicle acceleration performances plays an important role in the assessment of the vehicle mobility. The estimation becomes difficult in the case of the tracked vehicles due to the complexity of their power pack (consisting mainly of the engine and the hydrodynamic transmission), as well as because the tracked running gear.
The paper presents a simplified algorithm focused on the estimation of the acceleration performances. The engine output is modelled using a polynomial function which allows the development of an algorithm for the analytical calculation of the torque converter output. As result, the tractive performances are derived, including the acceleration characteristics of the vehicle.
The accuracy of the proposed algorithm is compared with the experimental data resulted from the testing of a 50 tonnes tracked vehicle running up to 60 km/hour.
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CONAT20105003
STATISTICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TRUCKS BRAKING IN REAL TRAFFIC
Ticusor Ciobotaru, Valentin VINTURIS, Daniel FRUNZETI
Military Technical Academy
KEYWORDS:
truck, braking process, statistics, GPS
ABSTRACT:
The braking of the trucks represents an important factor of the traffic safety. The intensity of the braking process depends of several major factors such as the driver behavior, the vehicle design, the traffic conditions etc.
In order to record the data regarding the vehicle moving, a data recording system base on GPS technology was used.
The track adopted for the trials included urban roads and highways in both uphill and downhill configurations.
The post-processing of the recorded data has consisted of: Kalman filtering of the recorded signals, the calculation of the histograms for speed and acceleration, the analysis of the braking sequences.
The analysis of the data allowed concluding on the frequency and intensity of the braking with influences on the braking system behavior.
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CONAT20105004
Considerations on the mathematical processing of experimental data obtained on specific ways of construction sites
Dinel POPA, Florin-Grigore TECAU, Sebastian PARLAC
University of Pitesti; Dima Dimitri Technical College
KEYWORDS:
mathematical model, experimental data, grip, working site, AutoCAD
ABSTRACT:
On the basis of a mathematic model with 11 degrees of freedom, in this paper are analyzed the dynamic forces at the automobile wheels and the maximum height of the oscillation level that a car looses grip depending on its speed. For processing the experimental data and analyzing the mathematic model, the oscillation levels were approximated with a sinusoidal function. In the end of the paper we present the interpretation of the results obtained on three rock pit tracks, where were recorded notable difference in the values measured on the field and those experimentally determined. The tracks were first measured and then drown in AutoCAD by a similar method like the one used in topometrical measures.
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CONAT20105005
Flexible fuel engine based on pneumatic fuel injection by means of hot exhaust gases
Wojciech Marek
Cracow University of Technology
KEYWORDS:
Flexible fuel engine, pneumatic fuel injection
ABSTRACT:
In this article the analysis of working parameters of flexible fuel engine based on pneumatic fuel injection by means of hot exhaust gases in two-stroke engine are presented. This is a low cost in-cylinder fuel injection system for SI engines which is much simpler than alternatives. The author worked out a system of pneumatic fuel injection by means of hot exhaust gases (according to conception Prof. St. Jarnuszkiewicz) drawn from one cylinder during the working stroke and, following the addition of fuel, forced into another cylinder during the compression stage. Spraying and injection of fuel by means of hot exhaust gases give additional possibilities of complete evaporation of liquid fuels. In practice, a two-stroke internal combustion engine with spark ignition and pneumatic injection based on this strategy successfully uses liquid fuels with very different fractional and group composition (alcohol, alternative fuels with extended fraction and heavy fuels, such as diesel oil, kerosene and vegetable oil), which may be very beneficial from the viewpoint of practical realization of flexible fueling combustion system for special engines. The results of tests shown it is possible to reach a high repeatability of the fuel dose per cycle and maintaining uniform fuel doses for each cylinder. This is most significant factor for cooperation possibility and power control of combustion engine and electric machine in hybrid propulsion system.
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CONAT20105009
THE ANTI-OSCILLATIONS SYSTEM FOR TRAILERS WITH 2 TURNING AXLES
Adrian Cojan, Mircea Modiga
Hexagon Systems, Romania; "Dunarea de Jos" University
KEYWORDS:
anti-oscillations, axle, trailer, triangulation system, container
ABSTRACT:
The adaptation of the anti-oscillation system with variable lenght triangulation will allow the usage of this type of solution beyond the current limitations of speed, knowing already the advantage of having a precise trajectory and a reduced radius of steering lock for the narrow alleys.
This solution requires minimal modifications to trailers already in use. In terms of financial impact, is a simple solution which will not require costly mechanical operations. The only measure that have to be considered will be structural re-checking of the other parts of the trailers, because the possibility of using other speeds will mean greater demands on hard braking and also in curve.
The anti-oscillation system with variable lenght triangulation propose a different approach towards previously constructive solutions used - they involved small backlash in the connection system between axles for an efficient transmission of the movement between them.
Also the complexity of the modern software design allowed me to achieve a parameterized model that enables automatic detection of the points of link between the two axles and the triangulation system.
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CONAT20105010
RESEARCHES ON THE DIMENSIONAL SYNTHESIS OF THE THREE-POINT HITCH COUPLERS USED AT AGRICULTURAL TRACTORS
Mircea Nastasoiu, Lilian Vasilache, Nicolae Ispas, Adrian Soica, Stelian Nastasoiu
Transilvania University of Brasov; Twin Disc International, Belgium
KEYWORDS:
agricultural tractor, three-point hitch couplers, dimensional synthesis
ABSTRACT:
The paper presents the analytical method applied to outline the dimensional synthesis of the three-point hitch couplers used at agricultural tractors. The dimensional synthesis is framed with the specific aim of determining the basic dimensions of all the elements of the three-point hitch couplers considering the kinematic properties (positions, speeds) imposed by both technological processes and agro-technical conditions.
The mechanism is divided in three kinematic groups. The study and the mathematical modeling is carried out for each distinct group taking into account the piston position in the lift cylinder of the three-point hitch couplers. The coordinates of each hitch point (to both rear axle and ground), the position and the instantaneous center of revolution are further determined. This mathematical modeling lies at the basis of the analysis into the kinematics and dynamics of the three-point hitch couplers used at agricultural tractors.
The paper shows the results of the researches conducted on wheeled tractors U 650 and U 650 DT.
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CONAT20105011
RESEARCHES ON THE MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF THE KINEMATICS OF THREE-POINT HITCH COUPLERS USED AT AGRICULTURAL TRACTORS
Lilian Vasilache, Mircea Nastasoiu, Stelian Nastasoiu, Nicolae Ispas, Cristian Simeon
Twin Disc International, Belgium; Transilvania University of Brasov
; MAT Craiova
KEYWORDS:
agricultural tractor, three-point hitch couplers, kinematics
ABSTRACT:
The paper presents an analytical method applied to elaborate and analyze the kinematics of the three-point hitch couplers used at agricultural tractors. The analysis is grounded on the following basic data: kinematic diagram of the three-point hitch couplers, geometrical dimensions of the elements of the three-point hitch couplers, piston relative speed in the lift cylinder. The analysis is carried out with the aim of determining the speeds of all hitch points as well as the transmission ratio of the three-point hitch couplers.
The mechanism is divided in three kinematic groups. The study and the mathematical modeling of the kinematics is carried out for each distinct group taking into account the piston speed and position in the lift cylinder. The speed of each hitch point and the transmission ratio of the three-point hitch couplers related to the speed of a point positioned on the drawbar or to the speed of the agricultural tractor's center of gravity are further determined.
The paper shows the results of the researches conducted on wheeled tractors U 650 and U 650 DT.
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CONAT20105012
THEORETICAL RESEARCH ON THE DYNAMICS OF WORKING PARTS AGGREGATE COMBINED PREPARATION FOR GERMINATIVE BED - ACPG-3
Augustin Constantinescu , Dumitru Neagoe, Ilie Dumitru, Mario Trotea
University of Craiova
KEYWORDS:
combined aggregate, swords loosening, rotary cutter, rollers, dynamics, equivalent dynamic model
ABSTRACT:
This paper presents theoretical investigations on the dynamics of working bodies (raising knives, rotary cutter with a horizontal cylinder with spurs) prepared bed combined unit of germinating, ACPG-3 and the dynamics in the work unit to move the field horizontally with constant speed. Be determined, based on physical models, dynamic models for each equivalent of the aggregate body of work and draw on these models is equivalent dynamic model of aggregate, ACPG-3. Also, determine the mathematical models of dynamics and traction unit working parts of germinating bed to move into work, with constant speed, horizontal ground.
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CONAT20105013
DEVELOPMENT AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH OF THE CENTRAL PRESSURE CONTROL SYSTEM FOR AGRICULTURAL TRACTOR TYRES
Simion Popescu, Radu Ciuperca, Mircea Nastasoiu, Florin Loghin
Transilvania University of Brasov
; INMA Bucharest
KEYWORDS:
agricultural weels tractor, tire inflation pressure, central tire inflation system, experimental testing
ABSTRACT:
The first part of the paper presents the construction of the central pressure control system of tyre inflation pressure for the four-wheel drive agricultural tractor (U1010 DT), using components from an all-road military wheel vehicle. From the compressed air reservoir the air is directed to the central pressure control system, where from, by means of the rotating valves mounted in the axes of the axles, the air reaches the tyres. The last section of the paper presents the results of experimental research conducted on the influence of the air volume in the reservoir on the response rate of the real-time control system of tyre inflation pressure. The developed and experimentally tested constructive solution can be applied to tractors already in use with minimal adaptations depending on the concrete construction of the tractor, or can be included as an option in axle manufacturing.
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CONAT20106001
INVESTIGATION OF EFFECTS OF PASSENGER CAR BODY RECONSTRUCTION
Milan Milovanovic, Sasa Jovanovic
Zastava Kragujevac; Zastava Kragujevac
KEYWORDS:
car body, materials, changes
ABSTRACT:
The reconstruction of passenger car body is undertaken for several reasons: development of the new model, redesigning of the existing model, fulfilment of regulations, weight reduction, introduction of new materials etc. The reconstruction can be realised through: constructive changes, introduction of new materials or their combining. The paper will show the analysis of effects of car body reconstruction by showing one reconstructed car body, in several reconstruction phases, with the aim of regulations fulfilment. Investigation methodology was developed for the needs of investigations. On the basis of the analysis results, it is possible to determine the trends of reconstruction of one car body type.
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CONAT20106002
Life Predictions And Component Fatigue Behaviors Of A Steering Knuckle Using Finite Element Analysis
Bogdan Turturica
Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
fatigue, service life, predicted strains
ABSTRACT:
The paper describes a vehicle steering knuckle undergoing time-varying loadings during its service life. Fatigue behavior is, therefore, a key consideration in its design and performance evaluation. This paper is aimed to assess fatigue life and compare fatigue performance of steering knuckles made from three materials of different manufacturing processes. These include forged steel, cast aluminum, and cast iron knuckles. In light of the high volume of forged steel vehicle components, the forging process was considered as base for investigation. Static as well as baseline cyclic deformation and fatigue properties were obtained and compared.
The paper envisages that in addition, referring a number of load-controlled fatigue component tests conducted for the forged steel and cast aluminum knuckles. Finite element models of the steering knuckles were also analyzed to obtain stress distributions in each component. Based on the results of component testing and finite element analysis, fatigue behaviors of the three materials and manufacturing processes are then compared. The paper concludes with that forged steel knuckle exhibits superior fatigue behavior, compared to the cast iron and cast aluminum knuckles.
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CONAT20106003
Development of a Testing Rig for Shape-Memory-Alloys
Ioan-Serban Radu, Paul Guempel, Joachim Strittmatter
Transilvania University of Brasov; University of Applied Science Konstanz
KEYWORDS:
Shape Memory Alloys Testing Intelligent Materials Peltier Effect
ABSTRACT:
Recent development trends within the industry have revealed an increased interest in intelligent materials. They can offer the functions a shifter or an actuator do, but without using complicated electronics, an important issue also with the cost-reduction strategies of the past years.
Usually shape-memory alloys are metallic materials in form of wires, plates or bars. They are characterized by the shape-memory effect which is a reversible thermo-elastic martensitic transformation with two thermal phases: the high-temperature phase (also called the austenitic-phase) and the low-temperature phase (also called martensitic phase).
In order to use shape-memory alloys in various applications the exact performances of the material has to be known. This is extremely important especially within the automotive industry where strict quality procedures and regulations are applied. It is maybe of interest to mention that an intended area of application is within the vehicle?s safety system. Thus parts which will include shape-memory materials will undergo strict quality controls.
In order to be able to deliver performance certificates for each tested sample, the Materials Department of the Technical University of Konstanz has managed to develop within the framework of a research project an installation dedicated for testing shape memory materials. The system is primarily designed to determine very precisely the temperatures of the two transformation phases under mechanical strain as well as to ?train? the metal sample. The training (a cyclic thermal and mechanical load) induces in the material a certain shape-memory behavior.
The testing rig consists of a mechanical tensile strength machine, a thermal installation and a training installation. The most innovative part is the thermal installation which cools down and heats up the metallic samples by using the peltier-effect.
The developed testing rig can provide suppliers or manufacturers who intend to use intelligent materials in their products accurate informations about the performances and quality of shape memory alloys.
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CONAT20106004
Next Generation Fuel System (NGFS)
Adrian Gligor, Carsten Elsasser, Dirk Eulitz, Ken Hannah
Kautex Textron
KEYWORDS:
Plastic fuel tanks, reduced emissions, integration of functions and components, LEV III, PZEV
ABSTRACT:
Next Generation Fuel System is a new manufacturing process that provides the ability to produce a plastic fuel tank meeting the future customer demands. It provides design freedom for new solutions, an increase in useable fuel volume and offers a solution for plastic PZEV and LEV III fuel systems. Compared with the existing technologies on the market, this new manufacturing process (NGFS) offers the possibility of assembling the valves and other components inside the plastic tank shell which trigger a significant reduction of the evaporative emissions. Now that the first designs have already been launched in mass production, the paper will introduce our company's vision to obtain a "finished fuel tank produced in one production step" together with some of our break-through designs that will allow us to achieve this vision. The process that allowed the development of this technology included extensive CAE analysis, sampling and a large amount of testing. The use of 6 sigma tools and our 6 sigma focus sets the foundation for product capability. The presentation will cover (tentative agenda):
1. Why NGFS?
2. NGFS process information
3. Current status of NGFS
4. NGFS - functional advantages
5. NGFS - vision and road map
6. Summary.
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CONAT20106005
SOUND PROPAGATION IN COMPOSITE PLATES USED IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF STREET SOUNDPROOFING PANELS
Gianina-Ileana STAN, Ioan CURTU
Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
noise pollution, street absorbing panels
ABSTRACT:
Noise pollution caused by heavy traffic of road motor influences in a manner becoming more marked, the quality of life. Understand and study the noise's nature and quantify the entity, finding out the right solutions for avoid the impact on the population is not so easy like conceive a standard survey, but is necessary to entrust the study to professional peoples, able to identify the entity and the type of noise and subsequently, study the right solution to solve each specific problem through suitable projects. Street absorbing panels result from such research.
Fibers of many types, including some natural fibers, have been used widely for architectural applications in structural and non structural assemblies. The mechanical proprieties, along with relatively low cost and ease of handling indicate good possibilities for their use in composites. In terms of cost, flax fiber rates among the more expensive of the natural fibers, often exceeding that of e-glass.
It is necessary to optimize the material formulation, the workability for different application cases. This remark introduces the multi-material notion or the multi-functional structure notion, where the association of different components permits to increase the performance.
The most common materials in the manufacture of street soundproofing panels are metal, wood, ceramics, concrete, reinforced cement, glass laminated, polimetilacrilat, polycarbonate and plastic.
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CONAT20106006
LIGNOCELLULOSIC COMPOSITES FOR AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY
Ovidiu-Mihai TERCIU, Ioan CURTU, Camelia CERBU
Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
Composite materials, Lignocellulosic fibers, Mechanical properties, Applications , Automotive industry
ABSTRACT:
This paper presents a recent study of literature to look at various aspects of composite materials made from lignocellulosic fibers. Most importantly, the natural fiber is the positive impact on the environment. The paper presents the main types of lignocellulosic fiber composites used for composite materials reinforcing on world scale and their mechanical proprieties. Lignocellulosic fibers are contained in all plants, representing a viable and renewable resource for developing new products, new composite materials. Compared with other fibrous plant fibers are suitable for most reinforced composite materials because they show great strength and rigidity, low density, low CO2 emissions, are biodegradable and annually renewable. These materials find their applications in areas ranging from construction to automotive industry. Research has demonstrated that the use of wood fibers and / or various types of agro-derived fibers for automotive composite applications has many advantages.
From a technical standpoint these lignocellulosic composite resistances increase mechanical and acoustic performance, reduce weight of materials and vehicle fuel consumption, reduce production costs, improve safety and security of passengers in conditions of extreme temperature variations, and improve biodegradability of vehicle components interior. The development of such materials has not only been a great motivating factor for materials scientists, but also an important provider of opportunities to improve the standard of living of people around the world.
This paper also presents original results of testing lignocellulosic composites in aggressive environmental conditions.
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CONAT20106007
The Incidence of the Quality Management Principles in the Supplier's Quality Management Systems from the Automotive Sector
Laurentiu-Aurel Mihail, Andrei Negrus
Transilvania University of Brasov; Ford Motor Company
KEYWORDS:
Quality Management, Automotive, ISO / TS 16949:2009
ABSTRACT:
This article intends to present a useful approach regarding the correlation that exists between the 8 quality management principles, according with the Vision 2000 of ISO 9001, standard that is the base of the famous ISO / TS 16949:2009. The proposed approach is useful for the implementation and for auditing the quality management systems for the automotive sector (but not only, taking in consideration the fact that the more general ISO 9001 is contained by the ISO/TS 16949). Talking about the automotive sector, one of the most globalised one within the world production industry, it is already known the incidence of the ISO / TS 16949 certification, mandatory at least for the tier 1 supplier. This is the main reason that makes this certification so precious. The main aim is to minimise the supply chain risks, the OEM's pushing all the risks on their supplier's responsibilities, by synchronizing their management systems as strictly as possible. This synchronization is made possible by various means, one of them being the standardization and the certification. As an article's conclusion, there are presented the registrations needed to be implemented within the supplier's organisations to respect the certification's demands because of the "decision based on the real facts" principle incidence.
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CONAT20106008
A 8D's Alternative for Problem Solving During Product Development Process Addressed to Oem's and Their Suppliers
Laurentiu-Aurel Mihail, Andrei Negrus
Transilvania University of Brasov; Ford Motor Company
KEYWORDS:
Problem Solving, Product Development, ISO / TS 16949:2009
ABSTRACT:
The present article intends to describe a new and viable problem solving approach, as an alternative to 8Disciplines methodology, ideally to be implemented especially during the product development processes. The proposed methodology is based on the Robust Engineering principle (Taguchi Method with his P Diagram, the design of experiments as fractionated arrays and the S/N ratios), fact that brings an important degree of efficiency to the implementation process, as a mandatory requirement of the ISO/TS 16949:2009, for the certified organisations which are involved in a continuous improvement process. Taking in consideration the implementation risks is a very important aspect, too, because the methodology need to be as efficient as it is possible even if it is implemented by internal specialised employees or by external consultants. So, for this last case, the main risk may be the organisation's resistance against an external specialist. The final validation of the optimisation parameters (at their optimal levels) proposed by implementing the problem solving methodology is mandatory and it must be realised in the same test's environment. The proposed methodology may be implemented, practically, for all kinds of products that are developed within the machine building sector, but this article is focused for the automotive sector implementation.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20106010
RADIATION PROCESSING FOR AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY
Corneliu-Catalin Ponta, Serban-Constantin VALECA, Ioan-Valentin MOISE
"Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering; University of Pitesti; "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering
KEYWORDS:
radiation processing, cross-linking, stability, recycling, automotive
ABSTRACT:
Radiation processing is a technique for modifying the properties of materials by irradiation with gamma rays or electron beams. Although this technique is applied mainly for the sterilization of medical devices, there are important applications for the cross-linking of polymers. The purpose of this paper is to show the potential of radiation processing for the automotive industry in Romania, with a description of the IRASM - Radiation Processing Center belonging to "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Nuclear Physics and Engineering, with some examples of plastic or composite parts improved through radiation processing worldwide and with new ideas connected to the recycling trends.
The IRASM Center includes an industrial gamma irradiator in operation since 2001, also testing laboratories for physical, chemical, mechanical, structural, optical or microbiological characteristics. All IRASM activities are controlled by a Quality Management System certified since 2002. The processing capacity is around 10 m3 of product or materials per batch.
The main application of radiation processing for automotive industry could be the cross-linking of polymers for increasing the thermal stability. New trends include composites with lower weight for the same mechanical resistance and the use of biodegradable polymers for interior parts. Cross-linking is not the best choice taking into accounts the recycling demands but radiation has also the ability of degrading almost any kind of polymers.
Radiation processing is an available alternative to other classical technologies, with some major advantages: bulk processing, no use of hazardous chemicals with associated by-products, external services, low costs and fast turn-around time.
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CONAT20106012
A NEW APPROACH FOR IMPROVING THE LIFETIME OF SOME PARTS MADE OF CAST IRON AND STEEL, USING SUPERFICIAL TREATMENTS
Nicolae Boicea, Marioara Abrudeanu, Gina-Mihaela Boicea
Renault Technologie Roumanie; University of Pitesti; University of Pitesti
KEYWORDS:
spectral surface analysis, oxinitrocarburizing, quantitative depth profile
ABSTRACT:
The principal goal of this work is to present experimental details and results regarding the determination of the diffusion profiles (concentration as a function of the diffusion depth) for nitrogen and carbon, corresponding to three different materials (two low-alloyed steel grades and a pearlite-ferrite cast iron), thermochemically treated by oxidant nitrocarburizing. The spectral analysis was done using RF-GD-OES techniques. The paper presents, as well, aspects concerning the structural characterization of the nitrocarburized samples, especially an analysis over the correlation of the thickness of the white layer, generated in the structure during the thermochemical treatment, with the carbon content from the structure. There are mentioned, as well, the results of the hardness tests, revealing the influence of the superficial treatment on durability.
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CONAT20106013
STUDY OF THE IMPACT OF THE RAPID PROTOTYPING METHOD ON THE PERFORMANCES OF A DESIGN PROCESS
Daniel-Constantin Anghel, Nadia Belu
University of Pitesti
KEYWORDS:
rapid prototyping, DSM, design experiment, impact study
ABSTRACT:
The level of product quality is established by means of constructive technological solutions adopted by designer during the design stage. In order to realize the product which respond to diverse customer requirements, the designers use a lot of methods and means. One of them is the prototyping method. The designers use the prototype to propose, to testing and to develop their theories and solutions.
This paper presents a study about the impact of using the rapid prototyping method on the performance of a design process, for an automotive product. The study was conducted to University of Pitesti in the
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CONAT20106014
APPLYING FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS IN DESIGN STAGE OF A AUTOMOTIVE PART
Nadia Belu, Daniel-Constantin Anghel, Sorin Ilie
University of Pitesti
KEYWORDS:
Functional Analysis, design process, functions, structure
ABSTRACT:
Presently, to shorten products developing time, to increase products quality, to reduce cost and to meet the requirements of customers have become decisive for companies competition. The quality of product depends on each every stage the product goes through: design, manufacturing and exploitation. Among all these, the design stage is the key factor of the product development process. In the design stage, it is important to establish the product functions, necessary to satisfy the user's requirements. Functional Analysis method is an approach whose goal is to express the need in terms of services expected functions and, ultimately, in terms of solutions. Its aim is to reach a product which to satisfy the user's requirements. This paper presents a way to use the Functional Analysis to establish the relationships of the car sun visor part, with its system. The paper is based on an experiment conducted at University of Pitesti in the
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CONAT20106015
CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF EPOXY COMPOSITE AUTOMOTIVE BUMPER
Adrian Calienciug
Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
composites, fibers, reinforced, e-glass
ABSTRACT:
In the paper, a study of conceptual design of fiber reinforced epoxy composite bumper absorber is presented. The study describes the use of composite in a new developed car bumper. The systematic exploitation of proven composites are ideal for vehicles and applications because they can be moved into production quickly and offer great design freedom. It will be presented various methods of creativity such as MEF, product design specifications and brainstorming are employed for the development of composite bumper and for the selection of materials for bumper system. The best design concept for the composite bumpers, epoxy based composite are the best material for composite bumpers which are lighter weight, and will offer many more advantages.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20106017
Implications into the civil field of basic NCW (network centric warfare) principles for providing logistical armored military equipment
Cornel Arama, Marian OANA, Gheorghe BOBESCU
Henri Coanda Air Force Academy
; Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
NCW, logistics support, automotive industry, network-based war, NCW principles
ABSTRACT:
Perhaps the most important and most debated topic in the military in recent years is that of network-based war. As it is known, this concept was created, developed and applied by the U.S.A. It is a result of the revolution in military affairs and completely revolutionized the military art. We are going, therefore, into another era in terms of technology, physiognomy and war strategy. It is said that Network Centric Warfare is to war what electronic commerce is for business.
What are the implications of this new concept (that seems to affect only the military) for the civilian field in general and for the automotive industry in particular. If we think only to the overall trends of modularization of vehicle production and to setting up networks of "cluster", we realize that the similarities in the evolution of the two systems are very numerous. In addition, principles of the military field can be successfully applied in automotive industry.
This work is a review of the basic principles of war based on network, of the direct implications on logistics support for armored vehicles, of the automotive industry implications and the possibilities to apply the NCW principles into the civil field. There will also be given two examples of network-type cooperation: the first is between engineers and designers in order to achieve the concept car Cadillac Converj and the second is between the U.S. Energy Department and the Ministry of Science and Technology of China for improving the electric engine. This means that the political and technological world powers have realized the importance of cooperation in the network. Perhaps the most important manufacturers of automobiles do not realize, but the methods and the means used more and more into automotive industry are common as a principle with specific NCW principles.
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CONAT20106018
Setting up the "cluster" networks and perspectives on modularization of the automotive industry
Cornel Arama, Alin PREDA, Gheorghe BOBESCU
Henri Coanda Air Force Academy
; Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
cluster networks, modularization, OEM automotive suppliers, global strategy
ABSTRACT:
A global survey of the automotive industry shows that an original equipment manufacturer - OEM - contributes 18-20% to produce a car. The other parts of the systems are produced by different suppliers of systems and modules which have their own development systems or components by specific rules with a varying duration of the cycle. Output range of models is in these parts dominant, very complex. OEM's have not only tasks of the development, construction and production, but also the coordination of all the system vendors and the other suppliers in the chosen global strategy model.
Construction and manufacture of modern cars are becoming more modular. Increasing complexity of automotive equipment and the need to transfer power to the development of OEM automotive suppliers leads to decomposition of the modules always differentiated, which are then developed by SMEs (small and medium enterprises). Cluster structures afford greater innovation power of companies participating in physical proximity, share experiences and synergies between companies, chains of value creation and scientific institutions. Clusters reduce the barriers of the market entry and the establishment of their existing business, based on specific infrastructure branch, maintains access to capital and direct contact with partners which create the added value.
This paper presents the main trends in the global automotive modularization, networking cluster, how to meet them in the year 2009, pointing through the presentation of the model Toyota IQ, Opel Insignia and the Ford F-150 as receptors and Valeo Transmissions parts as a supplier.
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CONAT20106021
Non contact laser forming of construction bars
Piotr Kurp, Zygmunt Mucha, Pawel Labedzki
Kielce University of Technology
KEYWORDS:
laser bending, laser forming, laser machining
ABSTRACT:
Thermal forming is a method of changing the shape of an element by heating with a moving source of heat e.g.: laser beam or flame head. In this method expected changes of shape will occur by thermal expansion phenomena. During each of thermal treatment of materials e.g. welding, coating, laser hardening, heat treatment, heat cutting etc. this kind of deformations will occur. Shape changes in this types of treatment are objectionable and should be minimized. For the other hand we are interested in purposeful shape change of material by heat influence. Elaboration of analytical model for heat forming give us opportunity to control and predict the effects of this process.
In this paper new analytical model of thermal forming is presented by use laser upsetting mechanism. The experimental results of laser bending are presented as well and compare with calculations for flat plate and angle bar. Further experiments should give us opportunity to precise this model for construction materials like: angle bars, T-bars, I-bars, C-bars etc.
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CONAT20106022
APPLICATION OF NANO-FLUID TO IMPROVE HEAT TRANSFER IN THE RADIATOR OF AUTOMOBILE ENGINE
Seyyed-Mohsen Peyghambarzadeh, Seyyed-Hasan Hashemabadi, Milad-Seifi Jamnani, Seyyed-Mohsen Hoseini
Islamic Azad University; Islamic Azad University; Islamic Azad University; Islamic Azad University
KEYWORDS:
Nano-fluid, heat transfer coefficient, radiator, cooling, cross flow
ABSTRACT:
In this paper, an experimental investigation has been performed to measure forced convective heat transfer coefficients of distilled water and water based nano-fluid (low concentrations of alumina nano-particle in distilled water) in the radiator of automobile engine. Air is blown inside the tube bank by a forced draft fan with constant speed. This cross flow heat exchanger (radiator) consists of 34 vertical tubes with elliptical cross sections. Results demonstrated that increasing fluid velocity can improve heat transfer specially at low Reynolds numbers. Indeed, application of nano-fluid with small concentration can enhance cooling efficiency in the radiator in compare to distilled water. This result has important significances in reducing fuel consumption of automobiles.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20106023
CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING THE INFLUENCE OF MAINTENANCE SYSTEMS
Tiberiu Bucur
Ministerul Administratiei si Internelor - Baza de Reparatii Auto
KEYWORDS:
reliability, operational reliability, maintenance
ABSTRACT:
For the insurance of reliability to the beneficiary, one acts by the maintenance conditions and by the use conditions. The conditions are precisely established yet from the conception phase of the product. There are situations when the motor vehicles are used in other conditions than those specified by the manufacturer, usually harder, under the aspect of requests.
In this situation there are registered the motor vehicles that have been pursued in exploitation, to assign the influence of the maintenance system and of the use conditions on their operational reliability.
The lot of motor vehicles, which have made the object of study, included 51 motor vehicles of domestic production, on the route of 100,000 km each one of them, to which two maintenance systems have been applied, the first one on the period of the runway of up to50,000 km and the second one, for the runway from 50,000 km to 100,000 km.
To evaluate the influence of the use conditions on the operational reliability, the pursued motor vehicles in exploitation have been divided in two groups, namely:
- the first group (27 motor vehicles) - exploited in conditions that are closer to the indicated use mode by the manufacturer, these motor vehicles, during the pursuance in exploitation, have been driven by the employed drivers in the holding unit;
- the second group (24 motor vehicles) - exploited in special conditions; these conditions imply hard operation regimes, with pronounced mechanical and thermal requests; these motor vehicles have been driven by the staff of the served structure with motor vehicles by the holding unit.
The results of study showed the fact that the operational reliability of motor vehicles decreased after the change of the maintenance system for both groups of motor vehicles, but not in an inacceptable manner. Regarding the use conditions, their influence was mainly evidenced by the obtained results.
Note The proposed communication has on its basis a part of the obtained results by the issued study within the doctorate thesis, which I will publicly sustain at the end of May month, c.y., at the Military Technical Academy, where I have been a post-graduated.
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CONAT20106024
Quality Management Between Past and Present
Natalia Filip
Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
Management, classical quality management, new quality management, relationships, customer satisfaction
ABSTRACT:
This paper puts forward the argument that there are two kinds of quality management - "old" or classical quality management and "new" quality management. The aim of classical quality management was to analyze errors and eliminate their causes and associated variation by improved product and process design. In recent times a number of major changes have taken place resulting in increased volatility in key areas of a business, which "old" quality management has difficulty in addressing. These changes are being driven by competitive pressure, the need for improved results from the financial market and increasing shrinkage of buying points. This has lead to pressure on prices, performance and innovation and the need for increased flexibility, agility and economics of scale, with a concentration on core competencies within the business. This situation demands a "new" form of quality management. The paper examines the main problems caused by these changes in terms of improved longer term relationships, softer influences on customer satisfaction, growing importance of software, and closer co-operation between internal functions and externally between supply chain partners.
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CONAT20106025
Failure Mode Avoidance Paradigm in Automotive Engineering Design
Felician CAMPEAN, Ed HENSHALL, David BRUNSON
University of Bradford, UK
KEYWORDS:
Reliability, Robustness, Systems Engineering, Requirements Specification, Design Verification
ABSTRACT:
Introduced initially by Don Clausing as a pragmatic approach to reliability improvement, the Failure Mode Avoidance (FMA) strategy has been adopted and developed by the automotive industry as a way to increase the effectiveness of the product development process.
This paper reviews the business case for Failure Mode Avoidance, presents key concepts behind the FMA approach, and then focuses on the engineering framework and tools that support early detection of failure modes in design and development of countermeasures.
The paper concentrates on highlighting the mechanisms by which the FMA approach enhances the system design requirements specification process and subsequent cascading to subsystem and component level, and the development of a robust design verification plan.
The approach will be illustrated with examples from a range of practical case studies, including fuel system design and electric powertrain development.
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CONAT20106026
Developing and characterizing new multiphase composite materials for automotive brake
Dana Luca-Motoc, Mihai Luca
Transilvania University of Brasov; Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
composites, multiphase, brake, measurements, properties
ABSTRACT:
The paper focuses on development and material properties measurements of new structural combinations of particle-particle type multiphase polymeric composite materials. The composites were manufactured using a self-developed technology, by embedding in different volume fraction iron dioxide and black carbon into a polymeric matrix with the purpose of obtaining a new material with improved mechanical and thermal properties to be used for automotive brakes.
The mechanical property of practical importance is the friction coefficient that will be measured for all the samples under experimental investigation. With respect to the thermal properties, the linear CTE represents a good stability related indicator. This thermal property will be measured using a differential dilatometer DIL 402 PC from Netzsch (Germany).
Based on the experimental data retrived, several manufacturing and structural composition related influencing factors will be identified with the purpose of tailoring further material combinations for automotive brakes.
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CONAT20106027
Predicting, measuring and tailoring electrical properties for new composite materials used in automotive sensors
Dana Luca-Motoc, Ioan Olteanu, Mihai Luca
Transilvania University of Brasov; Transilvania University of Brasov; Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
electrical, sensors, composite, micromechanics
ABSTRACT:
The paper focuses on a micromechanical approach for predicting the electrical conductivity of a new multiphase polymeric composite materials developed with the purpose of achieving improved electrical properties vs. reduced manufacturing costs for automotive sensors.
The composites were developed by embeding different particle size, types and volume fraction of conductive particles into a polymeric matrix material.
The electrical property retrieved from measurements on several composite samples is the electrical resitivity, at low current densities, and its variation in time by the aid of a Wayne-Kerr analyzer.
Simple mathematical manipulation will enable electrical conductivity estimation and further comparisons with the theoretical predicted values.
Structural composition, particle distribution and boundary related aspects will aid electrical path characterization, percolation threshold identification and particle-particle combination tailoring measures.
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CONAT20106028
Tool Wear and Durability of Steel to Carbide Ultrasonic Vibrosplintering
Bebe TICA, Stefanita Ciunel
University of Craiova
KEYWORDS:
vibrosplintering, cutting tools, tools wear, tools durability
ABSTRACT:
Superhard materials processing is a relatively demanding operation, requiring a technologically advanced and suitable working conditions, which is why in recent decades has been possible through the new materials as cutting tools and machine tools able to enhance the performance them. Although the main requirements imposed cutting tool material can be expressed in terms of hardness, toughness, wear resistance, heat shock, chemical stability, etc., superhard materials when processed, the requirements are higher, the range of possible materials for cutting tools used restricting considerably. For hardness of 63 to 70 HRC and martensitic structure, PCBN is the only possible choice for the active part of the cutting tool to conventional processing.
Last decades have brought together this unique opportunity, a very ingenious method of superhard materials processing, namely vibroaschierea. This paper aims to present research results on the processing tool wear and durability.
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CONAT20106029
Splinters Analysis form Results in the Vibrosplintering Superhards Carbide Steels
Bebe TICA, Stefanita Ciunel
University of Craiova
KEYWORDS:
ultrasonic vibrosplintering, splinter, superhard materials
ABSTRACT:
Analysis of splinter formation results in the theoretical vibrosplintering research carbide steels revealed that the introduction of controlled oscillations in metal cutting has been a significant change of contact phenomena. The introduction of forced vibration, outstanding, taking shape, amplitude and frequency, defined and controlled aimed at obtaining favorable effects machining.
This paper aims to present emerging issues in the field of ultrasonic vibrosplinter superhard materials.
Analysis of shape and size of splinters, is because they may pose restrictions on the processing technology to automatic machines, finishing operations, etc.. When processing the ultrasonic vibrosplinter superhard materials, similar splinters have been achieved, almost identical to the same experimental conditions. Thus, for low cutting speeds, below 20 m/min were obtained splinter flow, content, semifracturate, anoint, 40-50 mm in size, approximately half the circumference of the workpiece machined cross-sections. In this range of values, the chip formation process is very quiet, making it smooth separation.
This is possible due to the fact that in this area by ultrasonic vibrosplintering processing, the formation of deposits on the edge is completely eliminated, very difficult to achieve in conventional processing, and splinter contact length with the tool rake surface is reduced substantially.
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CONAT20106030
Advanced thermolectric materials used for heat recovery
Mihai-Sorin Adam, Corneliu-Bazil Cizmas, Elena Helerea, Gheorghe Scutaru
Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
nanotechnology, thermoelectric materials, Seebeck effect
ABSTRACT:
Although the 100% electric car is a promising option for the future, the present technologies do not offer efficient batteries in order to provide higher range then a classic thermal engine car. For the next years compromises like hybrid cars will cover significant percentage of the market. Today technology allows us for example to recover energy from braking and its transformation in electricity; however the residual heat from the engine and exhaust pipe is not converted in useful electric energy.
A solution for the convertion of heat into electric power is given by the thermoelectric materials. The limited presence of TE devices on the marketplace is mainly the result of low thermoelectric figures of merit (ZT) for known TE materials. A practical TE material should combine high Seebeck coefficient, high electrical conductivity and low thermal conductivity.
The last decade experienced a dramatic increase of thermo-electrical conversion efficiency due to the quantum confinement effect characterizing nano-bulk superstructures. Those structures are available now using a top down approach like mechanical alloying using ball milling technique or bottom up path by means of chemical methods.
The nano-bulk superstructures are more flexible in terms of coating uneven surfaces (with the option for proper ligands) making them suitable candidates for heat recovery of internal combustion engines.
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CONAT20106032
ANALYSIS OF USING CFK-MATERIAL FOR STEERING COLUMNS COMPONENTS IN PASSENGER VEHICLES
Thomas-W. Heitz
ThyssenKrupp Presta AG
KEYWORDS:
Automotive Industry, Lightweight design, CFK, CO2 Emission, Electro-Mobility
ABSTRACT:
Fuel reduction, new cars concepts like different kind of hybrid concepts, hydrogen fuel cell, E-cars are the actual trend in the automotive industry caused among other things like the new European law regulations to emit less CO2 and there for help the environmental situation to get a bit greener. Europe and China have a leading position, where the European trend is focussed on all different concepts mentioned above and the Chinese prefer the electro-cars development. Due to the short cruising range of battery today, lightweight design can be one necessary issue for saving energy.
This study investigates the possibilities of using carbon fibre materials (CFK) for steering columns components in passenger vehicles and light commercial vehicles. The weight reduction potential is up to 50-60 percent regarding steel and 20-30 percent regarding aluminium. CFK is nowadays used in all kind of sport cars with low production volumes. Mass production with CFK is not known in the chassis frame today because of the high cost for material, high manual operation and production time and so the high final price. The car makers are spending up to 100 Euro per kilogram saving, depending on the component weight reduction and the physically place in the car. So this issue looks interesting from the commercial side.
Steering columns are safety components and need to fullfil special quality issues, life time durability requirements (eg. under temperature profil) and crash performance. Nevertheless, design and production to cost for low mass (50-100.000) and high mass production (>500.000) will be the big challenges to get the food down in passengers cars.
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CONAT20106033
Organizing the selection of the primary data regarding the breakdown flux for an auto-vehicle's steering gear, in order to evaluate the reliability indicators
Horia-Marcel Sotoc, Vasile Campian
University of Oradea; Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
steering, gear, breakdown, auto-vehicle, maintenance, primay date
ABSTRACT:
The truthfulness of the data obtained regarding the reliability factors following the promoted experimental study, depends mostly on the way of organizing and developing the activity of primary data collection, regarding the breakdown flux at the investigated steering gear. From these data there must result the influence upon reliability of several factors, such as: the manufacturing and exploitation conditions, the type of auto vehicle, the exploitation cycles, the applied maintenance methods and systems. The paper highlights the importance of each factor upon the reliability of the studied components.
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CONAT20106034
AN OVERVIEW UPON THE RESIDUAL STRESS PRODUCED BY THE METAL CUTTING OF THE AUTOMOTIVE COMPONENTS
Gheorghe BEJINARU-MIHOC
TRANSILVANIA University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
residual stresses, residual tension stresses, residual compression stresses, automotive components, metal cutting
ABSTRACT:
In the paper, are presented the factors that determine during the cutting process of a surface the appearance of the bottoming tensile and compressive voltage. The bottoming voltage has specific representations. A series of factors proper to the cutting process, such as the geometry of the cutting piece, the cutting regime parameters, etc, influence the measure and the manifestation of the bottoming voltage. The residual stresses analyses gives the possibility to obtain and/or monitor certain physical properties of the superficial layer of processed by cutting surface.
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CONAT20106035
THE MACHINE TOOL KINETIC ERRORS INFLUENCE UPON THE PRECISION OF THE SHAPED GEARS USED IN THE VEHICLE MOTORS CONSTRUCTION
Gheorghe BEJINARU-MIHOC
TRANSILVANIA University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
Mortising with pinion cutter, shaped gear, shaped gear characteristics, precision class
ABSTRACT:
By the particularity of this work, the mortising with pinion cutter remains a main procedure in the cylindrical toothing execution that are used in the automobiles, trucks, tractors and farming machines construction. As it is known, the execution errors of the toothed wheels are divided into the next categories: wheel body errors, gear rim errors and joining the toothing wheel with the conjugated wheel errors (gear errors). Taking into consideration that the gear rim errors are those that define in the end the quality of the toothing wheel, it is obviously to analyze the factors that generate them. Within these, the kinetic accuracy of the rolling-dividing chain has a main importance, especially in the closing area of the toothing. In the paper are presented the main forms of the influence of the rolling-dividing chain kinetic error upon the mortised with pinion cutter wheel.
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CONAT20106036
SOME RESULTS CONCERNING ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES EVALUATION OF THE CYLINDER-HEAD GASKET MATERIALS
Valeriu Enache, Ioan Szava, Florin Dogaru, Bela Varga
Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
cylinder-head gasket material, mechanical properties, Finite Element modelling
ABSTRACT:
The authors performed several experimental tests regarding on establishing the mechanical properties of two type of materials used for cylinder-head gasket in Romanian truck industry. These properties were used for Finite Element modelling of the stress-strain state evaluation of the cylinder-head gaskets. Were taken into consideration different modalities of the tightening for the cylinder-head fixing screws in obtaining a better reliability of the engines.
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CONAT20106037
The capability study of production processes within a technical project in the industry suppliers of automotive components
Cristian Astalus
BMW Group
KEYWORDS:
automotive components, production processes, quality, capability, equipment
ABSTRACT:
In the component suppliers industry for carmakers the worst way to ensure the desired quality level of customer is the method to sort series production on 100% units that are not satisfying the requirements. Verification costs are enormous, and the result, at least at a manual check, is uncertain. To avoid this lack of efficiency is essential to produce quality in the production process and not to ensure the 100% control. The necessary premises are prerequisite manufacturing processes capable of producing a unit repeatedly to the desired quality. For this study the capability of measuring equipment, machines / tools and processes are required in the design phase, the capability must be confirmed before the start of mass production. Capability studies use a statistical support, and have made the project schedule anchored in concrete terms. Chronology and systematic methods arise after these well-established rules. Only through rigorous application capability studies and through the implementation of necessary correction activities request of "zero mistakes" can be satisfied to the client.
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CONAT20107001
ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT DATA COMPRESSION METHODS FOR CURRENT DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM IN DRIVER ASSISTANCE SYSTEM AND SENSOR VALIDATION
Faisal Amin
Continental Automotive AG
KEYWORDS:
ECU, TB, Compression
ABSTRACT:
Driver assistance system is an emerging field of research and development in automobile industry. Different aspects of driver assistance system requires recording of measurement data from individual ECUs for later analysis. At present the amount of measurement data that should be stored for sensor validation is up to 120 Mbytes/second per ECU. Major OEMs require very large amount of time to validate the sensors to integrate in their equipments. This scenario generates data of 3000 TB per year.
As result storage, back up and availability creates enormous amount of cost for R&D section. In this situation, it is necessary to consider compression for efficient data storage and transmission. The compression methods were primarily divided into online and offline compression. Both hardware and software compression were tested as integrated part of the current data acquisition and sensor validation framework. As the current data acquisition system is facing ever increasing data rate from the ECU, successful implementation of compression in the data acquisition side and decompression on the validation and simulation side was achieved.
Although Software and Hardware based compression has different compression ratio, both of them are able to reduce data from 30% to 40%. Implementation of compression technology can save operating cost for the business, but it also introduces some negative and positive effect on the current system and people involved with it.
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CONAT20107002
The Crash Recorder
Anton Brunner, Serban Radu, Julian Rothfuss
Unfallforschung, Switzerland; Transilvania University of Brasov; BMW Group
KEYWORDS:
Crash, Recorder, Accident, Research
ABSTRACT:
Why is it necessary to create a new Crash Recorder (CR)?
In the market there are several Event Data Recorders (EDR). But they are not easy to install in the car and also they are expensive. Price and installation are very high, because the EDR has to connected to the car - for example with the indicators and the speed of the car.
The result: the market doesn't accept it but it is more and more necessary that the cars are fitted out with crash recorders because the crashes are more comprehensive. For example a rear-end collision with the analysis of the whiplash injury.
The CR is not connected to the car - you need at least 15 minutes to install it and it is much cheaper than the conventional EDR. The result is, that the market accepted the CR. In Switzerland there are nearly 10.000 pieces installed.
The chapters of the presentations are:
a) Crash Recorder - Technical datas; Data analysis; Crash tests; Accident analysis
b) Real Case - Pre- and postcrash phases from the CR; Collision speed; Speed before breaking; Acceleration / deceleration; Lateral acceleration; Legal protection in case of accident
c) Project "young drivers" - Benefits for the drivers; Prevention; Statistical figures; Possibility of risks selection
d) Prospect - Quo vadis Data Recorder? CR versus Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS)
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List of abstracts
CONAT20107003
Studies on the Influence of Crash Severity on the Degree of Occupant Injury
Virgil Popa
Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
crash severity, delta V, acceleration, occupant injury
ABSTRACT:
The retrospective road accident study analyzes a vehicle?s collision with another vehicle or any other obstacle in three distinct phases: the post-collision, the collision, and the pre-collision phases. Since the severest occupant injuries occur during the collision phase, three types of collisions are analyzed: vehicle-obstacle collision, occupant-vehicle collision, and occupant?s internal organs-occupant?s body collision.
The global indicator of the degree of occupant injury, which is accepted worldwide, is AIS (Abbreviated Injury Scale), but the degree of injury to the parts of the human body is assessed according to specific indicators: Head Injury Criterion (HIC), Neck Injury Criterion (Nij), Combinated Toracic Index (CTI), and Risc of foot fracture (p(fracture)).
Crash severity can be assessed based on the sizes that define crash pulse, such as: vehicle velocity change during impact - Δv, vehicle average acceleration - aa and peak acceleration - ap, the principal direction of impact force (PDOF) and the module. Based on these we determine the kinetic and dynamic sizes that define occupant movement inside the vehicle: shift, velocity, and acceleration, and the forces and momentum that act on the occupant?s body during impact, respectively. The changes in such sizes during the collision phase, as well as impact time influence the degree of occupant injury.
The objective of this paper is to determine any correlations between the kinetic sizes that define vehicle movement during the collision phase and the indicators used to assess the degree of occupant injury.
The study's approach should firstly consider the ensuring of passive occupant safety, i.e. whether the occupants? seat belts were fastened at the time of collision, whether the motor vehicle was equipped with an airbag, and whether the airbag was activated at the time of impact.
Whereas statistically the highest injury risk occurs at the front seat occupants in case of frontal collisions, this paper will only analyze this type of collision, and the degree of injury will only be assessed for the front seat occupants.
The study is based on the results of some performed collision tests, which have been published in different papers, but also considers data and information on actual road accidents according to some specific publications.
Study show directly influence between acceleration and head injury level. An important influencing factor for the risk of neck injury can be considered the difference between mean acceleration or change of velocity in the mid and last part of the crash pulse. The deceleration of the occupant immediately after seatbealt contact explain the risk of neck injuy in frontal crashes. Neck injury risk increase in case of contact between head occupant an vehicle body, for any Δv values. If there are no occupant head ? vehicle contact probability of neck injury is maximum for Δv= 10-20 km/h. For thorax, intenal organs and foot, injury risk increase in proportion to acceleration.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20107005
Development and validation of a finite elements human head model for impact applications
Stefan Tabacu, Sorin Ilie, Nicolae-Doru Stanescu, Mariana Ivanescu
University of Pitesti
KEYWORDS:
human head, finite elements, model generation, validation, impact
ABSTRACT:
The head trauma is the main criteria used to evaluate the vehicle safety level. The criteria concern the brain injuries in case of exposure to high accelerations that are associated with impact events. In this paper we shall present a 3D model of the human head. First, the computational model of the head is built. The method used to generate the all hexahedral finite elements model of the structure consists in a number of procedures used for reading the geometrical model, definition of the intersection planes and intersection contours, definition of the contour grid based quadrilateral mesh, definition of the section mesh, definition of the hexahedral finite elements and export of the numerical model. These procedures were implemented in a custom written code using Matlab. The model that is prepared and used to study the brain motion during the impact. The input data are collected from impact simulations using full scale dummy models or multibody models. The results are compared and the performances of the multibody model evaluated.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20107006
APPLYING THE THEORY OF MULTI-BODY SYSTEMS FOR MODELING THE OCCUPANT KINEMATICS IN AUTOMOBILE'S COCKPIT IN ORDER TO OBTAIN THE HEAD IMPACT VELOCITY WITH THE DASHBOARD
Sorin ILIE, Stefan TABACU, Nicolae-Doru STANESCU, Ion TABACU, Gheorghe CRIVAC
University of Pitesti
KEYWORDS:
multi-body system, generalized coordinates, kinematic constraints, Lagrange multipliers, head impact velocity
ABSTRACT:
In the impact models for determining the performance criteria of protection from head injury (HIC and maximum deceleration), it is essential to know the initial velocity of the occupant or dummy head impact with the dashboard. This parameter depends on the kinematics and dynamics of the occupant in the car interior which is linked to a number of factors related to automobile (frontal stiffness, characteristics of restraint systems, compartment geometry, etc.), to occupant (anthropometric characteristics - masses and dimensions, joints stiffness), as well as to frontal impact speed of the automobile. The paper presents the modeling of these phenomena using multi-body systems theory: the establishment of generalized coordinates, description of kinematic constraints, determination the equations of motion of the system by using Lagrange multipliers. These are integrated numerically using Matlab sequences and then is determined the head impact velocity with the dashboard. Numerical results are presented, obtained by considering the standard speed frontal impact and using anthropometric characteristics of frontal impact standard dummy Hybrid III 50%.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20107007
The road safety
Vladimir Rievaj, Anton Hudak
Zilinska Univerzita; Zilinska Univerzita
KEYWORDS:
accident damages, road mortality rate, life savings
ABSTRACT:
The goods transit and passenger transport in far - distance became certainty and easy issue due to automobile. Vehicles moving in road traffic are ride by humans who make a lot of mistakes. The negative incessant traffic factor increasing are trends of accident damages. There is possible perform a number of technical and administrative remedies to reduce a contrary consequences. It is necessary to inspire by results of countries with lower ratio of an accident damages to decide how to reach it.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20107009
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON THE STUDY OF KINEMATICS OF VEHICLES INVOLVED IN FRONT-REAR COLLISION
Radu Gaiginschi, Adrian Sachelarie, Lidia Gaiginschi, Iulian Agape, Mihai Pintilei
"Gh.Asachi" Technical University
; Road Police Department
KEYWORDS:
front rear collision, restitution coefficient, braking energy dissipation
ABSTRACT:
This paper presents the methodology of the experiments regardind rear-end collision. The authors describe in detail the aqisiton parameters during the colission, the values of partially restitution coefficient and the possibilities to use it to appreciate the rear-end collision kinetic energy dissipation efficiency.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20107010
Passive Protection inTraffic Situations for Reducing Road Accidents
Stefanita Ciunel, Vasile Campian, Ovidiu-Vasile Campian, Bebe TICA
University of Craiova; Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
passive safety, crash tests, injuries, head injuries, testing programme
ABSTRACT:
Traffic-related accidents are a major threat to life in the world utilise cars. In spite of the significant improvements in vehicle safety over the past years, the current number of deaths and injuries plus all the associated social and economic costs, remain unacceptable.
Vehicle safety experts world-wide agree that significant further reductions in fatalities and injuries can be achieved as a result of, for instance, the use of new energy absorbing materials, improvement of the efficiency of passive safety systems by advanced control (intelligent restraint systems) and the introduction of new vehicle crash tests which take the compatibility between vehicles and road users under different crash conditions into account.
Passive safety, or crash safety, measures already have a proven track record in reducing road accident causalities through, for instance the introduction of seat-belts, the frontal and side impact CE Directives and more recently testing programme. Passive safety measures still have great potential to reduce fatalities and injuries further, by such means as prevention of severe head injuries, more human-like crash dummies, protection of vulnerable road users, active consideration of children as road users, whiplash prevention, introduction of smart restraint systems and precrash sensing technologies, virtual design and engineering, intelligent vehicle structures, new lightweight energy-absorbing materials, test methods and regulations.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20107011
Repeatability and Reproductibility of Dummy Performance
Stefanita Ciunel, Vasile Campian, Ovidiu-Vasile Campian, Bebe TICA
University of Craiova; Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
Anthropometric test devices, passive safety, restraint environment
ABSTRACT:
Anthropometric test devices (dummies) provide a means for evaluating vehicle occupant restraint systems for compliance with safety standards. The extand that as all tests cannot be performed with the same dummy, it is important that all individuals of the dummy population exhibit as nearly the same response as possible when tested under identical conditions.
Moreover, a particular dummy should also exhibit highly repeatable performance when subjected to the same impact environment. This paper describes efforts to measure performance differences attributable to test-to-test variability of a particular dummy, dummy-to-dummy variability of two or more dummies of the same manufacture, and variability from one make of dummy to another. In recognition of the fact that repeatability depends on the restraint environment, comparisons were conducted under a number of restraint conditions.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20107012
New technologies for sampling data at road accident
Adrian RUSU
Transilvania University
KEYWORDS:
Accident reconstruction, ROMPOS application, accident research, accidents investigation, GNSS positioning
ABSTRACT:
This paper aims to present a GNSS application in finding the satellite position in the context of the possibilities offered by the National Agency for Cadastre and Land Registration (ANCPI) for very accurate illustration of the place where the accident occurred. Application ROMPOS type, currently available through the efforts of this institution, can help to reduce the time to investigate the site of the accident the road while simultaneously increasing accuracy of determinations, providing a simple positioning with tools easy to use which ensure the measurement requirements. By this method can be taken more precise data to determine the positions of the vehicles involved, segment of road, braking traces, samples and material evidence, and other forensic traces the interest in question.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20107013
COMPARATIVE-CRITICAL STUDY OF THE HIGHLIGHTING POSSIBILITIES OF THE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT CAUSES ASSOCIATIVITY TO TECHNICAL CAUSES
Simona Corpodean, Petru Branzas
Technical University of Cluj-Napoca
KEYWORDS:
traffic accident, causes, technical causes, accident risc, associativity of causes
ABSTRACT:
Evaluating the recording methodologies of the accident data in different countries or international organizations, one underlines important differences regarding the data processing stages of the information related to traffic accidents, thus making difficult to study comparatively, in space and time, or not permiting the evaluation of the associativity and cumulativity of the simultaneous accident causes, some apparently not very important from statistical point of view, like techical causes, thus negatively influencing possible measures to reduce the number and the severity of the accidents.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20107014
ASPECTS REGARDING THE INJURY SEVERITY IN VEHICLE-PEDESTRIAN COLLISIONS
Bogdan Benea, Dorin Dumitrascu, Alexandru Plaiasu
Transilvania University of Brasov
; Autostart Brasov
KEYWORDS:
analysis, automotive, car body, injury, pedestrian
ABSTRACT:
Worldwide, the road traffic accidents resulted injuries represent one of the top major factors to reduce life expectancy. Statistical analysis reports show that, while the general trend in some industrialized regions is to reduce the effects of traffic accidents by the means of imposing programs involving the car manufacturers, the research institutions and the society (i.e. APROSYS and PReVENT for E.U.), for the regions under development there is room for improvement in this area.
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CONAT20107015
MAIN INJURIES PRODUCT TO PEDESTRIAN BY IMPACT WITH DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE VEHICLE
Dorin Dumitrascu, Bogdan Benea
Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
injuries, impact, vehicle, pedestrian, car body
ABSTRACT:
It would to mitigate the severity of pedestrian injuries by improving the vehicles front structures. Starting at a certain speed the goal to reduce these injuries is limited, but at speeds below 40 km/h are possible significant reductions of injuries of pedestrians involved in frontal impacts with vehicles.
Between 1980 and 2000 the fatality rate was reduced by 65% from 40 to 14 per one million inhabitants.
It followed a further reduction of fatality by 30% and 17% severe injuries until 2010. Statistics show the possibility to reach this level without imposing directives or testing procedures.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20107016
MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF HUMAN BODY HEAD AND THORAX INJURY LEVEL SIMULATION FOLLOWING THE MOTOR VEHICLE-PEDESTRIANS COLLISIONS
Adrian Soica, Mircea Nastasoiu, Nicolae Ispas, Stelian Tarulescu
Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
Vehicle, Pedestrian, Accident, Bumper, Injuries
ABSTRACT:
The impact velocity and motor vehicle frontal structures, including geometry and rigidity, have proved to be important factors that produce trauma. The paper hereby analyzes the impact between the motor vehicle and the bidimensional pedestrian. The motor vehicle has a constructive configuration provided with a double bumper. The second bumper is positioned under the first bumper and it is withdrawn backwards to a certain degree. The bumpers positioning heights, the impact force distribution on the two bumpers will be varied whereas the total impact force remains constant, and the velocities imprinted at the pedestrian thorax and head will be calculated. The motor vehicle rolling condition does not consider pitch movements.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20107017
INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS ANTHROPOMETRIC CONSTITUTION OF PEDESTRIAN IN CASE OF VEHICLE-PEDESTRIAN IMPACT
Daniel Trusca, Adrian Soica, Stelian Tarulescu, Alexandru Plaiasu
Transilvania University of Brasov
; Autostart Romania
KEYWORDS:
Impact, Pedestrian, Anthropometric data, Injury, Test, Simulation
ABSTRACT:
The road traffic safety is a matter of great interest, which preoccupies more and more specialists from automotive and related industries, for increase the road safety and to reduce the traffic events. The road accidents statistics indicates that a very significant casualty's percentage is given by the pedestrians and cyclists who are injured as a result of impact with a moving vehicle. Most of these injuries are caused by impact with the front of the vehicle. Most accidents occur in urban areas, where serious or fatal injuries can occur at low speeds, especially in the case of the children and senior citizens. To investigate the pedestrian anthropometry influence over the dynamics of vehicle-pedestrian impact, experimental tests and simulations were conducted. Pedestrian anthropometry data, as height and weight are important factors influencing the severity of injury after contact with the vehicle profile and with the place were the pedestrian is projected. Knowing the dynamics of the accident according to pedestrian anthropometry configurations is an important element in active safety features developments and vehicle safety regulations.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20107018
ANALYSIS OF SOME FACTORS ON THE THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL TRAINING IN THE DRIVING LICENSE GAINING PROCESS
Doru Baldean, Simona Corpodean, Eusebiu Baldean
Technical University of Cluj-Napoca
; Sarom-Impex
KEYWORDS:
license, traffic rules, inherent factors, driving school, road events
ABSTRACT:
This paper is a direct result of a complex theoretical and experimental research. It was carried out during few years (in the educational process of driving license gaining) in order to present the some of the following: disadvantages of "no education" condition, the performances of team strategies and procedures in a better training process for an easier driving license gaining and finally few of the tips from this field. It also states that a little team hard work has a positive influence in this field, but not unrestricted - because lack of education cases are much more than simple challenges, requesting specific training procedures. Also, the technical interest of the students and personal curiosity may help in the process, because the person who has them will face little troubles in learning all these things about traffic and motor vehicles. But those who do not show some technical skills and preoccupations, or even worse have no curiosity and desire in learning some new things in this field will encounter many problems in gaining all that necessary knowledge to finally obtain the driving license and to actually drive motor vehicles on the roads. The present study enters in the middle of statistical analysis of all the data from a particular driving school from Cluj-Napoca in order to draw some conclusions referring to the vital factors that influence this sector of activity, hopping that by some improvements there may be a reduction of traffic fatalities. These are also a result of the human activity due to many factors.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20107019
NIGHTTIME VISIBILITY, COMPONENT OF ROAD SAFETY
Alexandru Plaiasu, Gheorghe Ciolan, Ion Preda
Autostart SA Brasov; Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
Road safety, Visibility, Luminance, Illumination, Accidents
ABSTRACT:
An important component in present accident technology is the night car accident. Although the night traffic is reduced nocturnal accidents have very serious consequences. The paper presents the visibility conditions that lead to an accident at night, taking into account the darkness, street lighting and traffic light action. The analyzed situation in the paper shows the influence of a vehicle coming from opposite direction, through the background pedestrian contrast reducing due to background increasing.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20107020
PROPOSAL OF NEW VERSATILES DEVICES FOR USES IN TRAFFIC ACCIDENT RECONSTRUCTION
Nicolae ISPAS, Adrian SOICA, Dragos-Sorin DIMA
Transilvania University of Brasov
KEYWORDS:
Traffic Accidents Reconstruction, cell/mobile phones, devices, Global Positioning System, accelerometers
ABSTRACT:
The new technological advancements and increasing propagation of Windows mobile devices pose great opportunities for engineers and traffic accidents experts. These gadgets are compact hybrid devices integrating the capabilities of personal digital assistant (PDA), mobile phone, camera, music player, FM radio, Global Positioning System (GPS) and so on. They have standard computing facilities and advanced communication features including wireless and Bluetooth. Some of this embedded characteristics generating us a set of questions as the followings:
Can we obtain the confidence data using a simple windows mobile device (Smartphone)? How can we use these data into current traffic accident reconstruction activities? Which are the driver, car and road parameter logged by some current WM GPS and accelerometer-based application and how can we extend them?
These are simple questions which are trying to answer by research carried out by authors.
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List of abstracts
CONAT20107021
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE VEHICLE-PEDESTRIAN COLLISIONS
Dragos-Sorin Dima, Florin Rusitoru, Adrian SOICA, Stelian Tarulescu
Transilvania University of Brasov; National Institute of Forensic Expertise
KEYWORDS:
pedestrian dummy, acceleration, accident reconstruction, experiment, collision
ABSTRACT:
The paper describes the way a vehicle-pedestrian collision process takes place, aiming to a better understanding of the phenomena that appear within the dynamic of this kind of road events.
The aim of this study was to determinate the acceleration and speed value of head and thorax from pedestrian involved in accident. Analyzing these values can contribute to a better way to solve the dynamics of the accident and also to improve the passive safety.
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